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Previous studies reported that the occurrence of drug\u2010resistant pathogens (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2014for instance, methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRSA<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESBL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010producing Enterobacteriaceae\u2014were associated with inappropriate antibiotic treatment that resulted in adverse outcomes. In addition, unnecessary use of broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics for patients with non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> increased mortality. Therefore, the assessment of risk for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> at diagnosis is critical to avoid patients\u2019 adverse events. In the present review, we discuss regional differences in the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content>, which ranged from 6% to 45%, in patients with community\u2010onset pneumonia, including both community\u2010acquired and healthcare\u2010associated pneumonia. We then introduce the reported risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> in those patients, and present proposed prediction models for identifying patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> at diagnosis. Physicians should be aware that some of the risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> (e.g. prior antibiotic use and prior hospitalization) were common between regions; however, others may be different or the weighting of the risks may vary, even for the same risk factors. Therefore, a specific evaluation of risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> is recommended for each region and institution. Furthermore, we present a possible strategy for initial antibiotic selection in patients with community\u2010onset pneumonia, considering <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> risk. We also discuss future directions for the study of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRPs<\/jats:styled-content> in community\u2010onset, hospital\u2010acquired and ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia to improve the management of patients with pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,5]],"date-time":"2017-08-05T02:56:41Z","timestamp":1501901801000},"page":"1536-1546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Regional differences in antibiotic\u2010resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia: <scp>I<\/scp>mplications for clinicians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Shindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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