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However, adherence to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> is limited and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> therapies are frequently explored. Oral appliance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content>) therapy is currently widely used for the treatment of snoring, mild, moderate and severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content>. The most commonly used and studied <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> consists of a maxillary and mandibular splint which hold the lower jaw forward during sleep. The efficacy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> is inferior to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content>; however, the effectiveness as measured by sleepiness, quality of life, endothelial function and blood pressure is similar likely due to higher acceptance and subjective adherence. Upper airway stimulation augments neural drive by unilaterally stimulating the hypoglossal nerve. The Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STAR<\/jats:styled-content>) study enrolled 126 patients and demonstrated a 68% reduction in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> severity. A high upfront cost and variable response are the main limitations. Oropharyngeal exercises consist of a set of isometric and isotonic exercises involving the tongue, soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall. The collective reported trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120) showed that oropharyngeal exercises can ameliorate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> and snoring (~30\u201340%). Nasal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPAP<\/jats:styled-content> devices consist of disposable one\u2010way resister valve. A systematic review (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009345) showed that nasal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPAP<\/jats:styled-content> reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> severity by 53%. The Winx device consists of a mouthpiece placed inside the oral cavity that is connected by tubing to a console that generates negative pressure. Winx may provide successful therapy for ~30\u201340% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> patients. In conclusion, several non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> therapies to treat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> are currently available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:38:08Z","timestamp":1505263088000},"page":"1500-1507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Treating <scp>OSA<\/scp>: <scp>C<\/scp>urrent and emerging therapies beyond <scp>CPAP<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7011-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldo","family":"Lorenzi\u2010Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8704-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Strollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Pittsburgh Health System  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KushidaCA LittnerMR HirshkowitzM MorgenthalerTI AlessiCA BaileyD BrownTM ColemanJJr FriedmanL KapenSet al.;American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 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