{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:18:41Z","timestamp":1790756321953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1047663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1047663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSV<\/jats:styled-content>) is the most significant cause of acute respiratory infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content>) in early life. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSV<\/jats:styled-content> and other respiratory viruses are known to stimulate substantial outgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the upper airways of young children. However, the clinical significance of interactions between viruses and bacteria is currently unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of viral and bacterial co\u2010detections on disease severity during paediatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal aspirates from children under 2\u2009years of age presenting with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content> to the emergency department were screened by quantitative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> for 17 respiratory viruses and the bacterial pathogens <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>. Associations between pathogen detection and clinical measures of disease severity were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSV<\/jats:styled-content> was the most common virus detected, present in 29 of 58 samples from children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content> (50%). Detection of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was significantly more frequent during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSV<\/jats:styled-content> infections compared to other respiratory viruses (adjusted effect size: 1.8, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>: 0.03), and co\u2010detection of both pathogens was associated with higher clinical disease severity scores (adjusted effect size: 1.2, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>: 0.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co\u2010detection of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the nasopharynx was associated with more severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting that <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> colonization plays a pathogenic role in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T08:22:44Z","timestamp":1505463764000},"page":"220-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> colonization of the nasopharynx is associated with increased severity during respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaelle C.","family":"Brealey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith J.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia QLD Australia"},{"name":"Australian 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