{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:17:29Z","timestamp":1790864249751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD) is defined as continued need for any form of respiratory support (supplemental oxygen and\/or assisted ventilation) beyond 36\u2009weeks PMA. Low\u2010flow supplemental oxygen facilitates discharge from hospital of infants with CNLD who are hypoxic in air and is widely used despite lack of evidence on the most appropriate minimum mean target oxygen saturations. Furthermore, there are minimal data to guide the home monitoring, titration or weaning of supplemental oxygen in these infants. The purpose of this position statement is to provide a guide for the respiratory management of infants with CNLD, with special emphasis on role and logistics of supplemental oxygen therapy beyond the NICU stay. Reflecting a variety of clinical practices and infant comorbidities (presence of pulmonary hypertension, retinopathy of prematurity and adequacy of growth), it is recommended that the minimum mean target range for SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during overnight oximetry to be 93\u201395% with less than 5% of total recording time to be below 90% SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Safety of short\u2010term disconnection from supplemental oxygen should be assessed before discharge, with majority of infants with CNLD not ready for discharge until supplemental oxygen requirement is \u22640.5 L\/min. Sleep\u2010time assessment of oxygenation with continuous overnight oximetry is recommended when weaning supplemental oxygen. Palivizumab is considered safe and effective for the reduction of hospital admissions with RSV infection in this group. This statement would be useful for paediatricians, neonatologists, respiratory and sleep physicians and general practitioners managing children with CNLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T13:08:56Z","timestamp":1591621736000},"page":"880-888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Respiratory management of infants with chronic neonatal lung disease beyond the <scp>NICU<\/scp>: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Kapur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Queensland Children's Hospital  Brisbane QLD Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Children's Sleep Centre Monash Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Monash University  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Massie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Sydney Children's Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Princess Margaret Hospital for Children  Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Queensland Children's Hospital  Brisbane QLD Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Twiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department Starship Children's Hospital  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic A.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney and the Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/18.2.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.031211"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","unstructured":"Chow SSW Creighton P Chambers GM Lui K. 2019. Report of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network 2017. Sydney: ANZNN."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra067279"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HinesD ModiN LeeSK IsayamaT Sj\u00f6rsG GagliardiL LehtonenL VentoM KusudaS BasslerDet al.;International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of Neonates. Scoping review shows wide variation in the definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants and calls for a consensus.Acta Paediatr.2017;106:366\u201374.","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13672"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0548OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30181-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12503"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"Clinically unsuspected hypoxia during sleep and feeding in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"81","author":"Garg M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2006.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199810)26:4<241::AID-PPUL2>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.3.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.6.1711"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.7.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-8932.83456"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0971"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.180091"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950110107"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21522"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","first-page":"992","article-title":"Home oxygen promotes weight gain in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"141","author":"Groothius JR","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AllenJ ZwerdlingR EhrenkranzR GaultierC GeggelR GreenoughA KleinmanR KlijanowiczA MartinezF OzdemirAet al.;American Thoracic Society. Statement on the care of the child with chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.2003;168:356\u201396.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.168.3.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005237-199209000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.2.330","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of home management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"70","author":"Donn S","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"StarkAR AdamkinDH BattonDG BellEF BhutaniVK DensonSE MartinGI WatterbergKL BarringtonKJ HankinsGDet al.;American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Hospital discharge of the high risk neonate.Pediatrics2008;122:1119\u201326.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2174"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610093151505"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balfour\u2010LynnIM FieldDJ GringrasP HicksB JardineE JonesRC MageeAG PrimhakRA SamuelsMP ShawNJet al.;Paediatric Section of the Home Oxygen Guideline Development Group of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for home oxygen in children.Thorax2009;64(Suppl. 2): ii1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.116020"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.191437"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21562"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.4.779","article-title":"Eliminating sleep\u2010associated hypoxemia improves growth in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"98","author":"Moyer\u2010Mileur LJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023080"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302298"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314361"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00788-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2276ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13935"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210963"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","unstructured":"AhmedzaiS Balfour\u2010LynnIM BewickT BuchdahlR CokerRK CumminAR GradwellDP HowardL InnesJA JohnsonAOet al.;British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. Managing passengers with stable respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations.Thorax2011;66(Suppl. 1): i1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81373-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","first-page":"CD001817","article-title":"Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease","volume":"9","author":"Stewart A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","first-page":"CD000140","article-title":"Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Henderson\u2010Smart DJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4371"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203079"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30064-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2599LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PoetsCF RobertsRS SchmidtB WhyteRK AsztalosEV BaderD BairamA ModdemannD PeliowskiA RabiYet al.;Canadian Oxygen Trial Investigators. Association between intermittent hypoxemia or bradycardia and late death or disability in extremely preterm infants.JAMA2015;314:595\u2013603.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8841"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AskieLM DarlowBA FinerN SchmidtB StensonB Tarnow\u2010MordiW DavisPG CarloWA BrocklehurstP DaviesLCet al.;Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta\u2010Analysis (NeOProM) Collaboration. Association between oxygen saturation targeting and death or disability in extremely preterm infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta\u2010Analysis Collaboration.JAMA2018;319:2190\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5725"}],"container-title":["Respirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fresp.13876","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/resp.13876","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/resp.13876","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/resp.13876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T04:35:20Z","timestamp":1693888520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/resp.13876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/resp.13876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.13876","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-7799","1440-1843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-7799","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}