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Both gases enable quantitative measurement of terminal airway morphology, while <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>Xe uniquely enables imaging the transfer of inhaled gas across the alveolar\u2013capillary tissue barrier to the red blood cells. In patients with asthma, PfMRI abnormalities have been shown to reflect airway smooth muscle dysfunction, airway inflammation and remodelling, luminal occlusions and airway pruning. The method is rapid (8\u201315\u2009s), cost\u2010effective (~$300\/scan) and very well tolerated in patients, even in those who are very young or very ill, because unlike computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography and single\u2010photon emission CT, there is no ionizing radiation and the examination takes only a few seconds. However, PfMRI is not without limitations, which include the requirement of complex image analysis, specialized equipment and additional training and quality control. We provide an overview of the three main applications of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI in asthma research including: (1) inhaled gas distribution or ventilation imaging, (2) alveolar microstructure and finally (3) gas transfer into the alveolar\u2013capillary tissue space and from the tissue barrier into red blood cells in the pulmonary microvasculature. We highlight the evidence that supports a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of asthma worsening over time and the pathologies responsible for symptoms and disease control. 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