{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:11:15Z","timestamp":1784653875702,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K17537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K17537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is characterized by dyspnoea on exertion and exercise\u2010induced hypoxaemia. High\u2010flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy reduces the respiratory workload through higher gas flow and oxygen supplementation, which may affect exercise tolerance. This study aimed to examine the effects of oxygen and gas flow rates through HFNC therapy on exercise tolerance in ILD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted three\u2010treatment crossover study. All ILD patients performed the exercises on room air (ROOM AIR setting: flow, 0\u2009L\/min; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>], 0.21), HFNC (FLOW setting: flow 40\u2009L\/min, FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> 0.21), and HFNC with oxygen supplementation (FLOW + OXYGEN setting: flow 40\u2009L\/min, FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> 0.6). The primary endpoint was the endurance time, measured using constant\u2010load cycle ergometry exercise testing at a peak work rate of 80%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010five participants (10 men, 71.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7\u2009years) were enrolled. The increase in exercise duration between the ROOM AIR and FLOW was 46.3\u2009s (95% CI, \u22126.1 to 98.7; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.083), and the FLOW and FLOW + OXYGEN was 91.5\u2009s (39.1\u2013143.9; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) at rest was significantly higher with the FLOW + OXYGEN setting than with the ROOM AIR and FLOW settings, and the difference persisted during exercise. At equivalent time points during exercise, the SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with the FLOW setting was significantly higher than that with the ROOM AIR setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxygen supplementation in HFNC therapy improved exercise tolerance and SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. We found that gas flow alone did not improve exercise tolerance, but improved SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during exercise.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/resp14684-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:03:55Z","timestamp":1708646635000},"page":"497-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhancing exercise tolerance in interstitial lung disease with high\u2010flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: A randomized crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5800-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorihide","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Science Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Arizono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences Seirei Christopher University  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koshi","family":"Yokomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Disease Center Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikaru","family":"Machiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Tawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences Seirei Christopher University  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norimasa","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science Toyohashi Sozo University  Toyohashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Nakatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health  Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Science Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kozu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Science Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki 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