{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:13:21Z","timestamp":1780463601766,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the circulation of wild poliovirus (WPV) types 1 and 3 continuing more than a decade after the original goal of eradicating all three types of WPVs by 2000, policymakers consider many immunization options as they strive to stop transmission in the remaining endemic and outbreak areas and prevent reintroductions of live polioviruses into nonendemic areas. While polio vaccination choices may appear simple, our analysis of current options shows remarkable complexity. We offer important context for current and future polio vaccine decisions and policy analyses by developing decision trees that clearly identify potential options currently used by countries as they evaluate national polio vaccine choices. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature we (1) identify the current vaccination options that national health leaders consider for polio vaccination, (2) characterize current practices and factors that appear to influence national and international choices, and (3) assess the evidence of vaccine effectiveness considering sources of variability between countries and uncertainties associated with limitations of the data. With low numbers of cases occurring globally, the management of polio risks might seem like a relatively low priority, but stopping live poliovirus circulation requires making proactive and intentional choices to manage population immunity in the remaining endemic areas and to prevent reestablishment in nonendemic areas. Our analysis shows remarkable variability in the current national polio vaccine product choices and schedules, with combination vaccine options containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine and different formulations of oral poliovirus vaccine making choices increasingly difficult for national health leaders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T22:17:01Z","timestamp":1362521821000},"page":"516-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Preeradication Vaccine Policy Options for Poliovirus Infection and Disease Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kid Risk, Inc.,\u2009  10524 Moss Park Rd., Ste. 204\u2010364 Orlando FL USA"},{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Pallansch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Division of Viral Diseases  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radboud J.","family":"Duintjer Tebbens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kid Risk, Inc.,\u2009  10524 Moss Park Rd., Ste. 204\u2010364 Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve G.","family":"Wassilak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Global Immunization Division  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong\u2010Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kid Risk, Inc.,\u2009  10524 Moss Park Rd., Ste. 204\u2010364 Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Cochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Global Immunization Division  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Transmission of wild poliovirus type 2: Apparent global interruption","volume":"76","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Global Polio Eradication Initiative\u2014Cases of wild poliovirus by country and by year 2000\u20132012. 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