{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:01:21Z","timestamp":1787166081299,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,24]],"date-time":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil lead pollution is a recalcitrant problem in urban areas resulting from a combination of historical residential, industrial, and transportation practices. The emergence of urban gardening movements in postindustrial cities necessitates accurate assessment of soil lead levels to ensure safe gardening. In this study, we examined small\u2010scale spatial variability of soil lead within a 15 \u00d7 30\u00a0m urban garden plot established on two adjacent residential lots located in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Eighty samples collected using a variably spaced sampling grid were analyzed for total, fine fraction (less than 250 \u03bcm), and bioaccessible soil lead. Measured concentrations varied at sampling scales of 1\u201310\u00a0m and a hot spot exceeding 400\u00a0ppm total soil lead was identified in the northwest portion of the site. An interpolated map of total lead was treated as an exhaustive data set, and random sampling was simulated to generate Monte Carlo distributions and evaluate alternative sampling strategies intended to estimate the average soil lead concentration or detect hot spots. Increasing the number of individual samples decreases the probability of overlooking the hot spot (type II error). However, the practice of compositing and averaging samples decreased the probability of overestimating the mean concentration (type I error) at the expense of increasing the chance for type II error. The results reported here suggest a need to reconsider U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sampling objectives and consequent guidelines for reclaimed city lots where soil lead distributions are expected to be nonuniform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,24]],"date-time":"2013-04-24T13:25:10Z","timestamp":1366809910000},"page":"17-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Spatial Variation of Soil Lead in an Urban Community Garden: Implications for Risk\u2010Based Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bugdalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Wayne State University Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence D.","family":"Lemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Wayne State University Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"McElmurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering Wayne State University Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Sources of Lead in Soil: A Literature Review","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Soil is an important pathway of human lead exposure","volume":"106","author":"Mielke HW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.0.0136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/109158197227008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Exposure Factors Handbook: Soil Ingestion and Pica","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Exposure Factors Handbook: Fruit and Vegetable Intake","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Reimagining Detroit: Opportunities for Redefining an American City","author":"Gallagher J","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Urban Agriculture and Soil Contamination: An Introduction to Urban Gardening","author":"Turner AH","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/EN11025"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Lead distribution as related to pedological features of soils in the Volturno River low basin (Campania, Italy)","volume":"159","author":"Coppola E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-33161-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Region VIII Superfund Program Residential Soil Lead Sampling Guidance Document","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Superfund Lead\u2010Contaminated Residential Sites Handbook","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106s61513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990479z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Estimation of Relative Bioavailability of Lead in Soil and Soil\u2010Like Materials Using in vivo and in vitro Methods","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Lead; Identification of Dangerous Leavels of Lead; Final Rule. 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