{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T08:28:40Z","timestamp":1794385720312,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To date, the variant Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease (vCJD) risk assessments that have been performed have primarily focused on predicting future vCJD cases in the United Kingdom, which underwent a bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic between 1980 and 1996. Surveillance of potential BSE cases was also used to assess vCJD risk, especially in other BSE\u2010prevalent EU countries. However, little is known about the vCJD risk for uninfected individuals who accidentally consume BSE\u2010contaminated meat products in or imported from a country with prevalent BSE. In this article, taking into account the biological mechanism of abnormal prion PrP<jats:sup>res<\/jats:sup> aggregation in the brain, the probability of exposure, and the expected amount of ingested infectivity, we establish a stochastic mean exponential growth model of lifetime exposure through dietary intake. Given the findings that BSE agents behave similarly in humans and macaques, we obtained parameter estimates from experimental macaque data. We then estimated the accumulation of abnormal prions to assess lifetime risk of developing clinical signs of vCJD. Based on the observed number of vCJD cases and the estimated number of exposed individuals during the BSE epidemic period from 1980 to 1996 in the United Kingdom, an exposure threshold hypothesis is proposed. Given the age\u2010specific risk of infection, the hypothesis explains the observations very well from an extreme\u2010value distribution fitting of the estimated BSE infectivity exposure. The current BSE statistics in the United Kingdom are provided as an example.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T18:54:52Z","timestamp":1370976892000},"page":"1958-1968","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Consumption of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Contaminated Beef and the Risk of Variant Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Chu\u2010Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Zhunan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin\u2010Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Zhunan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuen\u2010Yuh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.048660"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.24.2330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"UK Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit. 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