{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1782892646949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366\u00a0billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55\u00a0billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision\u2010making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision\u2010making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit\u2010cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T19:53:24Z","timestamp":1374522804000},"page":"340-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":524,"title":["Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition, Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Bilal M.","family":"Ayyub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Systems Management Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Report","author":"UNISDR","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards and Land\u2010Use Planning for Sustainable Communities","author":"Burby R","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.1993.tb01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Report Card for America's Infrastructure","author":"ASCE","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.04.110173.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.eg.01.110176.003213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Webster's New World Dictionary & Thesaurus","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01885.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1623497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"The Edge of Disaster: Rebuilding a Resilient Nation","author":"Flynn S","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03381-150218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Economic Resilience to Disasters, CARRI Research Report 8","author":"Rose A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1547\u20107355.1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Definitions of Resilience: An Analysis","author":"Plodinec MJ","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards","author":"White GF","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States","author":"Mileti D","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Hyogo Framework for Action 2005\u20132015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters","author":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2431396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward More Robust Infrastructure: Observations on Improving the Resilience and Reliability of Critical Systems, in Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference Hawaii","author":"Little RG","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01606-110119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00650-090205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"63\u2013102","volume-title":"Panarchy and Understanding in Human and Natural Systems","author":"Holling CS","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0344819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts","author":"Hollnagel E","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9156-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9576-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/ENVT.50.5.36-47"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. 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