{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:56:49Z","timestamp":1791395809346,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R01CA153073-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01CA153073-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, progressive wasting disease of the kidneys, endemic in certain rural regions of the Balkan nations Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is irreversible and ultimately fatal. Though this disease was first described in the 1950s, its causes have been a mystery and a source of much academic and clinical contention. Possible etiologic agents that have been explored include exposure to metals and metalloids, viruses and bacteria, and the dietary toxins aristolochic acid (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA). AA is a toxin produced by weeds of the genus <jats:italic>Aristolochia<\/jats:italic>, common in Balkan wheat fields. <jats:italic>Aristolochia<\/jats:italic> seeds may intermingle with harvested grains and thus inadvertently enter human diets. OTA is a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) common in many foods, including cereal grains. In this study, we analyzed the weight of evidence for each of the suspected causes of BEN using the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC): nine conditions that determine weight of evidence for a causal relationship between an agent and a disease. Each agent postulated to cause BEN was evaluated using the nine criteria, and for each criterion was given a rating based on the strength of the association between exposure to the substance and BEN. From the overall available scientific evidence for each of these suspected risk factors, AA is the agent with the greatest weight of evidence in causing BEN. We describe other methods for testing causality from epidemiological studies, which support this conclusion of AA causing BEN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T23:37:37Z","timestamp":1403307457000},"page":"1688-1705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Evaluating Weight of Evidence in the Mystery of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Travis","family":"Bui\u2010Klimke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health  100 Technology Dr. Pittsburgh PA 15219 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Michigan State University  East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"857","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology, 1st ed","author":"Polenakovic M","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(70)80058-4"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"[Study of nephritis in Vrattsa district]","volume":"7","author":"Tanchev I","year":"1956","journal-title":"Suvremenna Meditsina (Sofiia)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701248104"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.106-1533478","article-title":"The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: Still more questions than answers","volume":"106","author":"Tatu CA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600137"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1019"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Topographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Serbia (Yugoslavia)","volume":"31","author":"Radovanovic Z","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Balkan endemic nephropathy: A decreasing incidence of the disease","volume":"48","author":"Cukuranovic R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathologie Biologie (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000101447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220500199118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000333836"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Environmental renal disease: Lead, cadmium and Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Wedeen RP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Selenium deficiency in Serbia and possible effects on health","volume":"10","author":"Maksimovic ZJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomedical and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02784022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110079815"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Role of exposure analysis in solving the mystery of Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"48","author":"Long DT","year":"2007","journal-title":"Croatian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Studies on the familial character of endemic Balkan nephropathy. Possible role of the toxic hydric factor in the determination of \u201cfamilial agglomerations\u201d in endemic Balkan nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Nichifor E","year":"1985","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Interne"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endemic urinary tract cancer in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Romania: Etiology and pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Markovic B","year":"1976","journal-title":"Medicine, Biology & Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Virus\u2010like particles in the kidneys of three patients with endemic Balkan nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Georgescu L","year":"1981","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90609-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Serum antibodies to papova viruses (bk and sv 40) in subjects from the area with Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Stoian M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Cultivation of vaccinia virus in tissue culture from the liver of a cold\u2010blooded animal (lacerta viridis)","volume":"9","author":"Shindarov L","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Virologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(87)90140-X"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"The role of environmental pollution in the etiology of endemic nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Pasare G","year":"1975","journal-title":"Sante Publique (Bucur)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Endemic Nephropathy","author":"Dotchev D","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2006.12.4.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"S9","article-title":"Relationship between weathered coal deposits and the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Feder GL","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100400050033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5162(98)00071-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Environment, geochemistry and the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: Lessons from Romania","volume":"9","author":"Orem WH","year":"2002","journal-title":"Facta Universitatis\u2013Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000188940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000184862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"S97","article-title":"Spontaneous and induced chromosome aberrations in Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Toncheva DI","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food: Prepared by the 56th Meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (WHO Food Additives Series, No. 47)","author":"JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives)","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Endemic Nephropathy","author":"Krogh P","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.529103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A","volume":"2","author":"Kuiper\u2010Goodman T","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomedical and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in experimental animals","volume":"115","author":"Huff JE","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Risk assessment of ochratoxin A residues in food","volume":"115","author":"Kuiper\u2010Goodman T","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food: Prepared by the 68th Meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (WHO Food Additives Series, No. 59)","author":"JECFA","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500309343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx034188m"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and foodborne ochratoxin A: Preliminary results of a survey of foodstuffs","volume":"85","author":"Krogh P","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta\u00a0Pathologica Microbiologica\u00a0Scandinavica\u00a0Series\u00a0B"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy","volume":"87","author":"Pavlovic M","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta\u00a0Pathologica Microbiologica\u00a0Scandinavica\u00a0Series\u00a0B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038509373555"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038809373707"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria","volume":"115","author":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria","volume":"115","author":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","first-page":"2404","article-title":"Analysis of ochratoxin A in serum and urine of inhabitants from an area with Balkan endemic nephropathy: A one\u2010month follow\u2010up study","volume":"52","author":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht328oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549809040405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Human Ochratoxicosis and its Pathologies","author":"Khalef A","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"A study of the accumulation of ochratoxin A OTA in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CHRI) in the Czech Republic","volume":"17","author":"Malir F","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/TXR-100108560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(00)00291-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Ochratoxin A serum levels in patients with Balkan nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Voo S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199804000-00052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500410315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110070030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007050537"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050076e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.724480"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-0854(09)00007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92984-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/17.4.265"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00731.x","article-title":"Chronic aristolochic acid toxicity in rabbits: A model of Chinese herbs nephropathy?","volume":"59","author":"Cosyns JP","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Endemic nephropathy: The case for chronic poisoning by aristolochia","volume":"46","author":"Hranjec T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Croatian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: Association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Bradford\u2010Hill AB","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proceedings of the\u00a0Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.499504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730040-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144840"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000213081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183456"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","first-page":"2717S","article-title":"Balkan endemic nephropathy: A preventable environmental disease [abstract]","volume":"14","author":"Shibutani S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology,\u00a0Biomarkers\u00a0& Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Mutagenicity of aristolochic acid in the lambda\/lacz transgenic mouse (mutamouse)","volume":"515","author":"Kohara A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutation\u00a0Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06576-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006083422301"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp467"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Ochratoxin A\u2010related DNA adducts in urinary tract tumours of Bulgarian subjects","volume":"124","author":"Pfohl\u2010Leszkowicz A","year":"1993","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Concentrations of ochratoxin A in the urine of endemic nephropathy patients and controls in Bulgaria: Lack of detection of 4\u2010hydroxyochratoxin a","volume":"115","author":"Castegnaro M","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990891y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx000070j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92984-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.02.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prescription profile of potentially aristolochic acid containing Chinese herbal products: An analysis of national health insurance data in Taiwan between 1997 and 2003","volume":"3","author":"Hsieh SC","year":"2008","journal-title":"CORD Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63243-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","first-page":"1273","article-title":"[Etiology of endemic nephropathy]","volume":"91","author":"Ivic M.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lijec Vjesn"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333900"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00293699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01973700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050568"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V132431","article-title":"Aristolochic acids induce chronic renal failure with interstitial fibrosis in salt\u2010depleted rats","volume":"13","author":"Debelle FD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050404w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-003-0229-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357023051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600747965"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20080514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gei007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008111133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21710"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ger023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096032798678908369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90047-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.53.2005.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012463227948"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_124_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The etiology and epidemiology of the leptospirosis in Bulgaria","volume":"46","author":"Manev H","year":"1987","journal-title":"Archives Roumaines de Pathologie Experimentale et de Microbiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_125_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Attempts to isolate in tissue cultures a cytopathogenic virus from the blood serum of cattles in Beli Izvor","author":"Russev H","year":"1960","journal-title":"Endemic Nephritis in Bulgaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92786-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030903013278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_128_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiological approaches to the etiology of urinary tract tumors in an area with Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"15","author":"Nikolov IG","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.502302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_130_1","first-page":"317950","article-title":"Leptospira and inflammation","volume":"2012","author":"Goncalves\u2010de\u2010Albuquerque CF","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators\u00a0of\u00a0Inflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(96)05189-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200S01.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910190102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.3.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(74)90003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(79)90027-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90141-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587701400412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587701400309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587701400208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_141_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental porcine nephropathy. Changes of renal fucntion and structure induced by ochratoxin A contaminated feed","volume":"246","author":"Krogh P","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0690414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_143_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Induction of renal and hepatic tumors in mice by ochratoxin A; A mycotoxin","volume":"69","author":"Kanisawa M","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gann"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_144_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Obstructive uropathy in group caged male b6c3f1 mice on a 24\u2010month carcinogenicity study (letter)","volume":"37","author":"Rao C","year":"1987","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs105"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_146_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene induced liver and kidney cancer in Swiss albino mice","volume":"1","author":"Asha S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Pharmacy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22240"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_149_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"DNA adduct formation in mice treated with ochratoxin A","volume":"115","author":"Pfohl\u2010Leszkowicz A","year":"1991","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publication"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_150_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Differential DNA adduct formation and disappearance in three mouse tissues after treatment with the mycotoxin ochratoxin A","volume":"289","author":"Pfohl\u2010Leszkowicz A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mutation\u00a0Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00028a011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00507-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21756"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-2-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-60-2009-1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92274-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90471-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700045"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frisa.12239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.12239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T19:10:24Z","timestamp":1696187424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.12239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.12239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.12239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]]}}}