{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:00:28Z","timestamp":1762459228840},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of the exponential model is extended by the inclusion of new nonhuman primate (NHP), rabbit, and guinea pig dose\u2010lethality data for inhalation anthrax. Because deposition is a critical step in the initiation of inhalation anthrax, inhaled doses may not provide the most accurate cross\u2010species comparison. For this reason, species\u2010specific deposition factors were derived to translate inhaled dose to deposited dose. Four NHP, three rabbit, and two guinea pig data sets were utilized. Results from species\u2010specific pooling analysis suggested all four NHP data sets could be pooled into a single NHP data set, which was also true for the rabbit and guinea pig data sets. The three species\u2010specific pooled data sets could not be combined into a single generic mammalian data set. For inhaled dose, NHPs were the most sensitive (relative lowest LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) species and rabbits the least. Improved inhaled LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s proposed for use in risk assessment are 50,600, 102,600, and 70,800 inhaled spores for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. Lung deposition factors were estimated for each species using published deposition data from <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spore exposures, particle deposition studies, and computer modeling. Deposition was estimated at 22%, 9%, and 30% of the inhaled dose for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. When the inhaled dose was adjusted to reflect deposited dose, the rabbit animal model appears the most sensitive with the guinea pig the least sensitive species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1419427615000},"page":"811-827","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose\u2010Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Bradford W.","family":"Gutting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division  Dahlgren VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Rukhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Fusion Branch (Q33) Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division  Dahlgren VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Mackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division  Dahlgren VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Marchette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Fusion Branch (Q33) Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division  Dahlgren VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandolyn","family":"Thran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Public Health Command Aberdeen Proving Ground  MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rti.0000213570.71161.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.171.7.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2011.0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2007.0066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590912621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800068497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(84)90003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810378112"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"691","article-title":"Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey","volume":"73","author":"Fritz DL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Untersuchungen uber den Durchtritt von infectin serregern durch die intact ungenoberflache","volume":"8","author":"Buchner H","year":"1888","journal-title":"Journal of Hygiene (Berlin)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/32.inhaled_particles_VI.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2008.01067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2008.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Industrial inhalation anthrax discussion","volume":"30","author":"Glassman HN","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bacteriological Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"MeselsonM.Note regarding source strength. 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