{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:06:45Z","timestamp":1788480405257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI\u20100927790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI\u20100927790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1131103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1131103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The U.S. Department of Transportation is responsible for implementing new safety improvements and regulations with the goal of ensuring limited funds are distributed to where they can have the greatest impact on safety. In this work, we conduct a study of new regulations and other reactions (such as recalls) to fatal accidents in several different modes of transportation implemented from 2002 to 2009. We find that in the safest modes of commercial aviation and bus transport, the amount of spending on new regulations is high in relation to the number of fatalities compared to the regulatory attention received by less safe modes of general aviation and private automobiles. Additionally, we study two major fatal accident investigations from commercial aviation and two major automotive recalls associated with fatal accidents. We find differences in the cost per expected fatality prevented for these reactions, with the airline accident investigations being more cost effective. Overall, we observe trends in both the automotive and aviation sectors that suggest that public transportation receives more regulatory attention than private transport. We also observe that the types of safety remedies utilized, regulation versus investigation, have varying levels of effectiveness in different transport modes. We suggest that these differences are indicative of increased public demand for safety in modes where a third party may be held responsible, even for those not participating in the transportation. These findings have important implications for the transportation industry, policymakers, and for estimating the public demand for safety in new transport modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T20:07:45Z","timestamp":1484683665000},"page":"1085-1101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Review of Regulatory Emphasis on Transportation Safety in the United States, 2002\u20132009: Public versus Private Modes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Garrett C.","family":"Waycaster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical &amp; Aerospace Engineering University of Florida  Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiki","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical &amp; Aerospace Engineering University of Florida  Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Bilotkach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University Business School Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael T.","family":"Haftka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical &amp; Aerospace Engineering University of Florida  Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical &amp; Aerospace Engineering University of Florida  Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: Leading causes for 2010. 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