{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:27:52Z","timestamp":1789964872015,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risks of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from consumer products intended for extended (nonpiercing) dermal contact are regulated by E.U. Directive EN 1811 that limits released Ni to a weekly equivalent dermal load of \u22640.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Similar approaches for thousands of known organic sensitizers are hampered by inability to quantify respective ACD\u2010elicitation risk levels. To help address this gap, normalized values of cumulative risk for eliciting a positive (\u201c\u2265+\u201d) clinical patch test response reported in 12 studies for a total of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 625 Ni\u2010sensitized patients were modeled in relation to observed ACD\u2010eliciting Ni loads, yielding an approximate lognormal (LN) distribution with a geometric mean and standard deviation of GM<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub> = 15\u00a0\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and GSD<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub> = 8.0, respectively. Such data for five sensitizers (including formaldehyde and 2\u2010hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were also \u223cLN distributed, but with a common GSD value equal to GSD<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub> and with heterogeneous sensitizer\u2010specific GM values each defining a respective ACD\u2010eliciting potency GM<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub>\/GM relative to Ni. Such potencies were also estimated for nine (meth)acrylates by applying this general LN ACD\u2010elicitation risk model to respective sets of fewer data. ACD\u2010elicitation risk patterns observed for Cr(VI) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 417) and Cr(III) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 78) were fit to mixed\u2010LN models in which \u223c30% and \u223c40% of the most sensitive responders, respectively, were estimated to exhibit a LN response also governed by GSD<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub>. The observed common LN\u2010response shape parameter GSD<jats:sub>Ni<\/jats:sub> may reflect a common underlying ACD mechanism and suggests a common interim approach to quantitative ACD\u2010elicitation risk assessment based on available clinical data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T16:52:40Z","timestamp":1507740760000},"page":"1036-1051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risks of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Elicited by Nickel, Chromium, and Organic Sensitizers: Quantitative Models Based on Clinical Patch Test Data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kenneth T.","family":"Bogen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Health Sciences  Oakland CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Garry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Health Sciences  Bellevue WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 4350 Chemicals","author":"Groot AC","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Patch Testing","author":"Groot AC","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parliament and Council. 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