{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T22:15:14Z","timestamp":1759616114876},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cardno ChemRisk"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coal combustion residuals (CCRs) are composed of various constituents, including radioactive materials. The objective of this study was to utilize methodology on radionuclide risk assessment from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to estimate the potential cancer risks associated with residential exposure to CCR\u2010containing soil. We evaluated potential radionuclide exposure via soil ingestion, inhalation of soil particulates, and external exposure to ionizing radiation using published CCR radioactivity values for <jats:sup>232<\/jats:sup>Th, <jats:sup>228<\/jats:sup>Ra, <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>U, and <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra from the Appalachia, Illinois, and Powder River coal basins. Mean and upper\u2010bound cancer risks were estimated individually for each radionuclide, exposure pathway, and coal basin. For each radionuclide at each coal basin, external exposure to ionizing radiation contributed the greatest to the overall risk estimate, followed by incidental ingestion of soil and inhalation of soil particulates. The mean cancer risks by route of exposure were 2.01 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> (ingestion), 6.80 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup> (inhalation), and 3.66 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> (external), while the upper bound cancer risks were 3.70 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> (ingestion), 1.18 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> (inhalation), and 6.15 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> (external), using summed radionuclide\u2010specific data from all locations. The upper bound cancer risk from all routes of exposure was 6.52 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>. These estimated cancer risks were within the EPA's acceptable cancer risk range of 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> to 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>. If the CCR radioactivity values used in this analysis are generally representative of CCR waste streams, then our findings suggest that CCRs would not be expected to pose a significant radiological risk to residents living in areas where contact with CCR\u2010containing soils might occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T13:24:52Z","timestamp":1509715492000},"page":"1107-1115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Cancer Risk Associated with Residential Exposure to Soil Containing Radioactive Coal Combustion Residuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Towle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardno ChemRisk  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neva F. B.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardno ChemRisk  Arlington VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardno ChemRisk  Arlington VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Monnot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardno ChemRisk  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"ACAA.2015 Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production & Use Survey Report. Available at:Https:\/\/www.Acaa-usa.Org\/portals\/9\/files\/pdfs\/2015-survey_results_table.Pdf Accessed April 10 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"EIA.Annual Energy Outlook 2014: Early Release Reference Case December 16 2013. Available at:Https:\/\/www.Eia.Gov\/pressroom\/presentations\/sieminski_12162013.Pdf Accessed April 10 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).Frequent Questions about the Coal Ash Disposal Rule. Available at:Https:\/\/www.Epa.Gov\/coalash\/frequent-questions-about-coal-ash-disposal-rule Accessed April 10 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).Coal Ash Reuse 2016. 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