{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T09:35:41Z","timestamp":1771061741394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI\u2010EM\u2010107\u2010SP\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI\u2010EM\u2010107\u2010SP\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inorganic arsenic (iAs), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and methylmercury (MeHg) are toxic metals that cause substantial health concern and are present in various seafood items. This study linked probabilistic risk assessment to the interactive hazard index (HI<jats:sub>INT<\/jats:sub>) approach to assess the human mixture risk posed by the dietary intake of iAs, Cd, Pb, and MeHg from seafood for different age populations, and joint toxic actions and toxic interactions among metals were also considered in the assessment. We found that, in combination, an iAs\u2013Cd\u2013Pb\u2013MeHg mixture synergistically causes neurological toxicity. Furthermore, an iAs\u2013Cd\u2013Pb mixture antagonistically causes renal and hematological effects and additively causes cardiovascular effect. Our results demonstrated that if toxic interactions are not considered, the health risk may be overestimated or underestimated. The 50th percentile HI<jats:sub>INT<\/jats:sub> estimates in all age populations for neurological, renal, cardiovascular, and hematological effects were lower than 1; however, the 97.5th percentile HI<jats:sub>INT<\/jats:sub> estimates might exceed 1. In particular, toddlers and preschoolers had the highest neurological risk, with 0.16 and 0.19 probabilities, respectively, of neurological HI<jats:sub>INT<\/jats:sub> exceeding 1. Saltwater fish consumption was the principal contributor to the health risk. We suggest that regular monitoring of metal levels in seafood, more precise dietary surveys, further toxicological data, and risk\u2013benefit analysis of seafood consumption are warranted to improve the accuracy of human mixture risk assessment and determine optimal consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T20:04:15Z","timestamp":1536005055000},"page":"426-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Probabilistic Integrated Human Mixture Risk Assessment of Multiple Metals Through Seafood Consumption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinpin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli County Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Interaction profile for: Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead","author":"ATSDR","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Guidance manual for the assessment of joint toxic action of chemical mixtures","author":"ATSDR","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Interaction profile for: Chlorpyrifos, lead, mercury, and methylmercury","author":"ATSDR","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531540002511X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00250-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus","volume":"36","author":"Canli M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Marine Environment and Toxicological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2010.01374.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(92)90008-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1992.380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00916-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.03.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population","volume":"12","author":"EFSA","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4583826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90012-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900535"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"Ho C. P. &Huang N. Y.(2012).Investigation of inorganic arsenic content in aquatic products and establishment of sanitation standard. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.grb.gov.tw\/search\/planDetail?id=2458650&docId=383840."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-012-9507-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-014-9621-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.12.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects in rats fed low doses of cadmium and lead to induce hypertension","volume":"69","author":"Lockett C. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.07.032"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"Concurrent exposure to lead, cadmium, and arsenic: Effects on toxicity and tissue metal concentrations in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Mahaffey K. R.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7719165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910641"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(97)00066-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.103.5.1108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2003.000-1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Analysis and investigation of heavy metals in shellfishes by GFAAS\/FLAAS in Taiwan","volume":"24","author":"Shih R. C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Scientific Report of the BFDA Taiwan R.O.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Survey of heavy metals in marketed seafood from Taiwan","volume":"4","author":"Shih R. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Report of Food and Drug Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Survey of heavy metals in imported seafood in Taiwan","volume":"5","author":"Shih R. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Report of Food and Drug Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","volume-title":"Children's health and environment: A review of evidence","author":"Tamburlini G.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030802642102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(77)90053-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00044"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Design and sample characteristics of the 2005\u20132008 nutrition and health survey in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Tu S. H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","volume-title":"Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures","author":"USEPA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","volume-title":"Risk assessment forum white paper: Probabilistic risk assessment methods and case studies","author":"USEPA","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: Seventy\u2010second report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2018).Ten chemicals of major public health concern. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/ipcs\/assessment\/public_health\/chemicals_phc\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2009.01268.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6817-8"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frisa.13183","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T09:55:43Z","timestamp":1694685343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.13183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.13183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13183","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}