{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:15:44Z","timestamp":1785204944755,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 669751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 669751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the advance of biotechnology, biological information, rather than biological materials, is increasingly the object of principal security concern. We argue that both in theory and in practice, existing security approaches in biology are poorly suited to manage hazardous biological information, and use the cases of Mousepox, H5N1 gain of function, and Botulinum toxin H to highlight these ongoing challenges. We suggest that mitigation of these hazards can be improved if one can: (1) anticipate hazard potential before scientific work is performed; (2) consider how much the new information would likely help both good and bad actors; and (3) aim to disclose information in the manner that maximally disadvantages bad actors versus good ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T21:59:15Z","timestamp":1542059955000},"page":"975-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Information Hazards in Biotechnology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future of Humanity Institute Oxford University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piers","family":"Millett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future of Humanity Institute Oxford University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future of Humanity Institute Oxford University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Snyder\u2010Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future of Humanity Institute Oxford University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gigi","family":"Gronvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Security Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Information hazards: A typology of potential harms from knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Bostrom N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Review of Contemporary Philosophy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153871303769201851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10736700.2017.1385765"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00991-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24301-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Germany.(1949).Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany(Tomuschat C. and Currie D. P. Trans.). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/4e64d9a02.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronvall G. K.(2013 July 15).H5N1. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cfr.org\/report\/h5n1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-035X(13)71810-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Synthetic biology: Safety, security, and promise","author":"Gronvall G. K.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit528"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.270","article-title":"The mousepox experience. An interview with Ronald Jackson and Ian Ramshaw on dual\u2010use research. Interview by Michael J. Selgelid and Lorna Weir","volume":"11","author":"Jackson R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","article-title":"A paper showing how to make a smallpox cousin just got published. Critics wonder why","author":"Kupferschmidt K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv327"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8353-8355.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Dual use research of concern in the life sciences: Current issues and controversies","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Affairs, P. A. G., Committee on Science, Technology, and Law, & Committee on Dual Use Research of Concern: Options for Future Management","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/24832","volume-title":"A proposed framework for identifying potential biodefense vulnerabilities posed by synthetic biology: Interim report","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, & Committee on Strategies for Identifying and Addressing Biodefense Vulnerabilities Posed by Synthetic Biology","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Science and security in a post 9\/11 world: A report based on regional discussions between the science and security communities","author":"National Research Council, Committee on a New Government\u2010University Partnership for Science.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Biotechnology research in an age of terrorism","author":"National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs, Development, Security, and Cooperation, & Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Biotechnology research in an age of terrorism","author":"National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs, Development, Security, and Cooperation, & Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","article-title":"Killer mousepox virus raises bioterror fears","author":"Nowak R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669870903126267"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/cornell\/9780801452888.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"The demon in the freezer","author":"Preston R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Reagan R.(1985).National Security Decision Directive 189. National Policy on Transfer of Scientific Technical and Engineering Information. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/offdocs\/nsdd\/nsdd-189.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.05-0979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"The Australia Group. (2017 July 17).List of human and animal pathogens and toxins for export control. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.australiagroup.net\/en\/human_animal_pathogens.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"The Federal Select Agent Program. (n.d.).Select agents and toxins list. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.selectagents.gov\/selectagentsandtoxinslist.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization. (n.d.).Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO 2003\u20132018. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/human_animal_interface\/2018_03_02_tableH5N1.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"U.S. Government.(2014).United States government policy for institutional oversight of life sciences dual use research of concern. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.phe.gov\/s3\/dualuse\/Documents\/durc-policy.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","article-title":"The man behind Bin Laden","author":"Wright L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Yorker"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frisa.13235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.13235","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T08:19:58Z","timestamp":1694247598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.13235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.13235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13235","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}