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The focus was on potential etiologic relations between environmental chemical exposures and cancer risks. We searched the epidemiologic literature on environmental chemicals classified as carcinogens in which cancer risks were described in relation to \u201cpeak\u201d exposures. These articles were evaluated to identify some of the challenges associated with defining and describing cancer risks in relation to peak exposures. We found that definitions of peak exposure varied considerably across studies. Of nine chemical agents included in our review of peak exposure, six had epidemiologic data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in dose\u2013response assessments to derive inhalation unit risk values. These were benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide. All derived unit risks relied on cumulative exposure for dose\u2013response estimation and none, to our knowledge, considered peak exposure metrics. This is not surprising, given the historical linear no\u2010threshold default model (generally based on cumulative exposure) used in regulatory risk assessments. With newly proposed US EPA rule language, fuller consideration of alternative exposure and dose\u2013response metrics will be supported. \u201cPeak\u201d exposure has not been consistently defined and rarely has been evaluated in epidemiologic studies of cancer risks. We recommend developing uniform definitions of \u201cpeak\u201d exposure to facilitate fuller evaluation of dose response for environmental chemicals and cancer risks, especially where mechanistic understanding indicates that the dose response is unlikely linear and that short\u2010term high\u2010intensity exposures increase risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T17:20:10Z","timestamp":1553880010000},"page":"1441-1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Peak Exposures in Epidemiologic Studies and Cancer Risks: Considerations for Regulatory Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Harvey","family":"Checkoway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine &amp; Public Health San Diego School of Medicine, University of California  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S. 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