{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:16:56Z","timestamp":1789525016691,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reducing the incidence of seafarers\u2019 workplace injuries is of great importance to shipping and ship management companies. The objective of this study is to identify the important influencing factors and to build a quantitative model for the injury risk analysis aboard ships, so as to provide a decision support framework for effective injury prevention and management. Most of the previous research on seafarers\u2019 occupational accidents either adopts a qualitative approach or applies simple descriptive statistics for analyses. In this study, the advanced method of a Bayesian network (BN) is used for the predictive modeling of seafarer injuries for its interpretative power as well as predictive capacity. The modeling is data driven and based on an extensive empirical survey to collect data on seafarers\u2019 working practice and their injury records during the latest tour of duty, which could overcome the limitation of historical injury databases that mostly contain only data about the injured group instead of the entire population. Using the survey data, a BN model was developed consisting of nine major variables, including \u201cPPE availability,\u201d \u201cAge,\u201d and \u201cExperience\u201d of the seafarers, which were identified to be the most influential risk factors. The model was validated further with several tests through sensitivity analyses and logical axiom test. Finally, implementation of the result toward decision support for safety management in the global shipping industry was discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T08:23:44Z","timestamp":1563351824000},"page":"8-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Quantitative Risk Assessment of Seafarers\u2019 Nonfatal Injuries Due to Occupational Accidents Based on Bayesian Network Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Guizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinh V.","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business IT &amp; Logistics RMIT University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Wing\u2010Keung","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kum Fai","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Shan","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Logistics and Supply Chain Management Program, School of Business Singapore University of Social Sciences  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Transport Research Centre Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6190-2_35"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Association between nationality and occupational injury risk on Danish non\u2010passenger merchant ships","volume":"64","author":"\u00c1d\u00e1m B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Agrawal R. &Srikant R.(1994).Fast algorithms for mining association rules. Proceedings of the 20th Very Large Database (VLDB) Conference Santiago Chile."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1205\/psep.05113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Identifying significant safety factors and leading indicators in shipping organizations with oil tanker operations","author":"Ayyalasomayajula P. V.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of statistics in quality and reliability","author":"Ben\u2010Gal I.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2012.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713670163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8373.2011.01459.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Human factors in classification and certification","volume":"99","author":"Card J. C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transactions, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Mapping the knowledge base for maritime health 3: Illness and injury in seafarers","volume":"62","author":"Carter T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5130\/AJCEB.v13i4.3620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03088830903533742"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Social statistics for a diverse society","author":"Frankfort\u2010Nachmias C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.12.026"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Why do Filipinos have fewer reported work accidents than other nationals? Findings from literature","volume":"63","author":"Gr\u00f8n S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2012.02.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Major differences in rates of occupational accidents between different nationalities of seafarers","volume":"59","author":"Hansen H. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.2.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Health & Safety Executive (HSE). (2000).Multivariate analysis of injuries data(Offshore Technology Report 2000\/108). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/research\/otopdf\/2000\/oto00108.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Health & Safety Executive (HSE). (2002).Slips trips and falls from height offshore(Offshore Technology Report). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/research\/otopdf\/2002\/oto02001.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/16720"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Collaborative, cross\u2010national studies on health and safety in seafaring for evidence\u2010based maritime policy and regulations","volume":"60","author":"Jensen O. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqh090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00034-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang H. &Cai J.(2013).Research on application of mining association rules in education evaluation. Paper presented at the 2013 International Conference on Advanced ICT and Education (ICAICTE\u201013) Hainan China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icaicte.2013.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Bayesian networks and influence diagrams: A guide to construction and analysis","author":"Kjr\u0107ulff U. B.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"Knochenhauer M. Swaling V. H. Dedda F. Hansson F. Sj\u00f6kvist S. &Sunnegaerd K.(2013).Using Bayesian belief network (BBN) modelling for rapid source term prediction(Final report). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/collection\/NCLCollectionStore\/_Public\/44\/123\/44123002.pdf?r=1&r=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Bayesian networks: An introduction","author":"Koski T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:4(431)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"Li K. Yin J. Yang Z. &Wang J.(2010).The effect of shipowners\u2019 effort in vessels accident: A Bayesian network approach. Paper presented at the International Forum in Shipping Ports and Airports (IFSPA2010) Chengdu Sichuan China."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N. Zeng L. He Q. &Shi Z.(2012).Parallel implementation of a priori algorithm based on mapreduce. Paper presented at the Software Engineering Artificial Intelligence Networking and Parallel & Distributed Computing (SNPD) 2012 13th ACIS International Conference Kyoto Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2012.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","volume-title":"Factors influencing the incidence rates of injuries and accidents among seafarers and rig workers providing support to the WA offshore oil and gas industry","author":"Martinovich T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207160701297346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/91.493907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/91.493906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"Michael R. S.(2001).Crosstabulation & chi square. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.indiana.edu\/~educy520\/sec5982\/week_12\/chi_sq_summary011020.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-005-0025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.K10004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12354"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218539306002197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2006.03.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Implementing improved algorithm over APRIORI Data Mining Association Rule Algorithm 1","volume":"3","author":"Rao S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463307004201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68996-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30549-1_108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12736"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki M. J.(2000).Generating non\u2010redundant association rules. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Sixth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Boston MA.","DOI":"10.1145\/347090.347101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","unstructured":"Zhao Y.(2015).Association rule mining with R. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www2.rdatamining.com\/uploads\/5\/7\/1\/3\/57136767\/rdatamining-slides-association-rules.pdf."}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13374","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.13374","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T20:46:13Z","timestamp":1694119573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.13374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.13374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13374","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}