{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:27:23Z","timestamp":1790206043029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide worldwide. The International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2015 declared that glyphosate is probably carcinogenic to humans, noting a positive association for non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The principal human data on glyphosate and NHL come from five case\u2013control studies and two cohort studies. The case\u2013control studies are at risk of recall bias resulting from information on exposure to pesticides being collected from cases and controls based on their memories. In addition, two of the case\u2013control studies are additionally at risk of a form of selection bias that can exacerbate the effect of recall bias. Both biases are in the direction of making glyphosate appear carcinogenic. If odds ratios (ORs) are not biased and a pesticide plays no role in causing NHL, the probability that an OR for that pesticide is greater than 1.0 is approximately 0.5. The fractions of ORs for pesticides other than glyphosate that are greater than 1.0 in the case\u2013control studies are 0.90 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 92), 0.90 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 152), 0.93 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 59), 0.76 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 140), and 0.53 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 54), the first two from studies that are at risk for both types of bias. In the two cohort studies, which are not subject to these biases, the comparable fractions for relative risks for all cancers are 0.51 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 70) and 0.48 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 158). These results comply closely with what would be expected if evidence for carcinogenicity of glyphosate in these studies results from statistical bias in the case\u2013control studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T06:15:07Z","timestamp":1577772907000},"page":"696-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Potential Effects of Recall Bias and Selection Bias on the Epidemiological Evidence for the Carcinogenicity of Glyphosate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kenny","family":"Crump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2016.1214681"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx233"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Volume 1, The Analysis of Case Control Studies","author":"Breslow N. E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2016.1142748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crump K. Crouch E. Zelterman D. Crump C. &Haseman J.(2019).Accounting for multiple comparisons in statistical analysis of the extensive bioassay data on glyphosate. Submitted to Toxicological Sciences.","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa039"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.9.e11"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7340"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4302"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07451-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190290021560"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: Cross\u2010Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"10","author":"McDuffie H. H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.040972"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110404449"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2017).FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Minutes and Final Report No. 2017\u201001. A set of scientific issues being considered by the Environmental Protection Agency regarding: EPA's evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of Glyphosate. December 13\u201316 2016 FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Held at the EPA Conference Center One Potomac Yard Arlington Virginia. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2017-03\/documents\/december_13-16_2016_final_report_03162017.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","article-title":"EPA takes next step in review process for herbicide glyphosate","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reaffirms No Risk to Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2016).Pesticide residues in food\u20102016: Toxicological evaluations. Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.02.001"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frisa.13440","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13440","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.13440","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T15:37:48Z","timestamp":1694014668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.13440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.13440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13440","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}