{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:47:31Z","timestamp":1749793651585},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The potential for cancer\u2010related risks to community members from ambient exposure to elongate mineral particles (EMPs) in taconite processing has not been formally evaluated. We evaluated 926 ambient air samples including 12,928 EMPs (particle structures with length\u2010to\u2010width ratio \u22653:1) collected over 26 years near a taconite processing facility in Silver Bay, Minnesota. Eighty\u2010two percent of EMPs were \u22643 \u03bcm in length and 97% of EMPs had an average aspect ratio &lt;20:1. A total of 935 (7.3%) EMPs had length &gt;5 \u03bcm and AR \u22653:1. Average ambient concentration of NIOSH countable amphibole EMPs over all years was 0.000387 EMPs per cubic centimeter (EMP\/cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). Of 12,765 nonchrysotile EMPs, the number of amphiboles with length and width dimensions that correlate best with asbestos\u2010related carcinogenicity ranged from four (0.03%) to 13 (0.1%) and the associated ambient amphibole air concentrations ranged from 0.000003 to 0.000007 EMP\/cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. After 65 years of taconite processing in Silver Bay, evidence of an increased risk of mesothelioma and lung cancer in community members who did not work in the taconite industry is lacking. The absence of an increased risk of asbestos\u2010related cancer in the Silver Bay community is coherent with supporting evidence from epidemiological and toxicological studies, as well as ambient exposure data and lake sediment data collected in Minnesota Iron Range communities. Collectively, the data provide consistent evidence that nonasbestiform amphibole minerals lack the carcinogenic potential exhibited by amphibole asbestos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1612602492000},"page":"1674-1692","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integration of Evidence on Community Cancer Risks from Elongate Mineral Particles in Silver Bay, Minnesota"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Dell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramboll  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexa E.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramboll  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Yost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramboll  Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Mundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardno Chemrisk  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-102825"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-102000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2011.556046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2018.1435756"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440802276167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Berman D. W. &Crump K. S.(2003).Technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos\u2010related risk. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyNET.exe\/901D0S00.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery="},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Chatfield E. J.(2010).A procedure for quantitative description of fibrosity in amphibole minerals. ASTM Michael E. Beard Asbestos Conference.San Antonio Texas January 28\u201329 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.08.010"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"959","article-title":"Respiratory effects of exposure to dust in taconite mining and processing","volume":"121","author":"Clark T. C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(82)90202-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4154.853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(82)90203-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1195326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198806000-00013"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"1173","article-title":"An updated study of taconite miners and miller exposed to silica and non\u2010asbestiform amphiboles","volume":"34","author":"Cooper W. C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1099123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"Eastern Research Group (ERG). (2003).Report on the expert panel on health effects of asbestos and synthetic vitreous fibers: The influence of fiber length. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/hac\/asbestospanel\/asbestostoc.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"Eastern Research Group (ERG). (2003).Report on the peer consultation workshop to discuss a proposed protocol to assess asbestos\u2010related risk. US EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.epa.gov\/risk\/report-peer-consultation-workshop-discuss-proposed-protocol-assess-asbestos-related-risk"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700020212"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802462290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mer123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113681"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00045-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.890287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/met026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X04047563"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.009","article-title":"Geology of the Biwabik iron formation and Duluth complex","volume":"52","author":"Jirsa M. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(88)80061-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.928266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22641"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (1991a).Method 852. TEM method for asbestos in air. Effective Date 2\/5\/1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (1991b).Method 851. TEM analysis for mineral fibers in water. Effective Date 3\/19\/1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (1999).Cancer incidence rates in northeastern Minnesota: MCSS epidemiology report 99:2."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (2003a).exposures to commercial asbestos in Northeastern Minnesota iron miners who developed mesothelioma. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/occhealth\/documents\/MinersReport112503.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (2003b).Cancer incidence rates in northeastern Minnesota with an emphasis on mesothelioma: MCSS epidemiology report 03:1. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/occhealth\/documents\/NE_Cancer03.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (2007).Mesothelioma in Northeastern Minnesota and two occupational cohorts: 2007 Update. Retrieved fromwww.health.state.mn.us"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (2015).News release: Twenty\u2010one new cases of mesothelioma found in group of mine workers. News Release February 17 2015. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/news\/pressrel\/2015\/meso021715.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). (1997).Cancer rates and trends in Northeastern Minnesota: MCSS epidemiology report 97:1. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/occhealth\/documents\/NE_Cancer97.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","unstructured":"Monson Geerts S. D. Hudak G. Marple V. Lundgren D. Zanko L. &Olson B.(2019).Minnesota taconite workers health study: Environmental study of airborne particulate matter in Mesabi iron range communities and taconite processing plants\u2010Mesabi iron range community particulate matter collection and gravimetric analysis. Report number: NRRI Report of Investigations; NRRI\/RI\u20102019\/30. University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.nrri.umn.edu\/publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2011).Current intelligence bulletin 62: Asbestos fibers and other elongate mineral particles: State of the science and roadmap for research. Revised Edition. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011\u2013159.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26616\/NIOSHPUB2011159","DOI":"10.26616\/NIOSHPUB2011159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","volume-title":"Asbestiform fibers: Nonoccupational health risks","author":"National Research Council","year":"1984"},{"issue":"110","key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","first-page":"24310","article-title":"Occupational exposure to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite","volume":"57","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)","year":"1992","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22828"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","unstructured":"Reserve Mining vs. the US Environmental Protection Agency. (1975).US Court of Appeals 8th Circuit. Submitted December 9 1974 Decided March 14 1975 as Modified on Rehearing and Order on Remand April 8 1975. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/appellate-courts\/F2\/514\/492\/32470\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2014-0466-RA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Dusts and disease","author":"Smith W. E.","year":"1979"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","first-page":"965","article-title":"Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals","volume":"67","author":"Stanton M. F.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X07087006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1982.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-012-9500-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). (1986).Environmental health criteria 53: Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres. World Health Organization. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/ehc\/ehc\/ehc53.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298669391354621"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","unstructured":"Zanko L. M. Reavie E. &Post S. P.(2019).Minnesota taconite workers health study: Environmental study of airborne particulate matter in Mesabi iron range communities and taconite processing plants \u2010 Lake sediment study. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.nrri.umn.edu\/research-groups\/minerals-and-metallurgy"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13673","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.13673","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.13673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1693311586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.13673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.13673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13673","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}