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To quantify the risk of rabies being introduced through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements, we performed a quantitative risk assessment using stochastic scenario tree modeling. The mean annual probability of at least one rabies introduction incident was 0.35 (median: 0.24, 90% prediction interval (PI) [0.04; 0.98]) and the mean annual number of rabies\u2010infected pets introduced through pet movements was 0.96 (median: 0.27, 90% PI [0.04; 3.88]). These results highlight a nonnegligible, even high risk due to the associated consequences of such events. In alternative scenario testing, preventive anti\u2010rabies vaccination proved to be an effective measure since removing the vaccination requirement led to a\u00a0&gt;\u00a015\u2010fold increase in risk. The serological testing requirement had less of an effect (approximately two\u2010fold increase when removed) and the posttest waiting period to ensure that antibodies were not linked to an infection had a negligible effect. Any change in pet owner compliance, especially regarding vaccination, could have a major impact on the risk. This study also shows that reinforced border control staff training could be more effective in reducing risk than more frequent checks. These results provide quantitative data for assessing the probability of the rabies virus entering France, and could help policymakers decrease this risk in rabies\u2010free areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T01:40:21Z","timestamp":1655862021000},"page":"896-916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantitative risk assessment of rabies being introduced into mainland France through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Crozet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale USC EPIMAI  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale USC EPIMAI  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rapenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale USC EPIMAI  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale des Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires VetAgro Sup  Marcy\u2010l'\u00c9toile France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Cliquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy OIE\/WHO\/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses  Malz\u00e9ville France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Robardet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy OIE\/WHO\/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses  Malz\u00e9ville France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale USC EPIMAI  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f6683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022\u20101759(97)00212\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.22.3.1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 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