{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:06:23Z","timestamp":1791662783464,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, longer and heavier trains have become more common, primarily driven by efficiency and cost\u2010saving measures in the railroad industry. Regulation of train length is currently under consideration in the United States at both the federal and state levels, because of concerns that longer trains may have a higher risk of derailment, but the relationship between train length and risk of derailment is not yet well understood. In this study, we use data on freight train accidents during the 2013\u20132022 period from the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Rail Equipment Accident and Highway\u2010Rail Grade Crossing Accident databases to estimate the relationship between freight train length and the risk of derailment. We determine that longer trains do have a greater risk of derailment. Based on our analysis, running 100\u2010car trains is associated with 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.10\u20131.12) times the derailment odds of running 50\u2010car trains (or a 11% increase), even accounting for the fact that only half as many 100\u2010car trains would need to run. For 200\u2010car trains, the odds increase by 24% (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.20\u20131.28), again accounting for the need for fewer trains. Understanding derailment risk is an important component for evaluating the overall safety of the rail system and for the future development and regulation of freight rail transportation. Given the limitations of the current data on freight train length, this study provides an important step toward such an understanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T02:43:15Z","timestamp":1716950595000},"page":"2616-2628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The relationship between freight train length and the risk of derailment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marriott School of Business Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McDonough School of Business Georgetown University Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos P.","family":"Triantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Tech Falls Church Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marriott School of Business Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"AAR. (2023).Freight train length.AAR.https:\/\/www.aar.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AAR\u2010Train\u2010Length\u2010Fact\u2010Sheet.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1863-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"The freight train emergency brake system and a method to calculate stop distance and time","volume":"116","author":"Bentley J. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"SAE Transactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Bernton H.(2023).Lawmakers consider limits to length of freight trains moving through WA.The Seattle Times.https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle\u2010news\/lawmakers\u2010consider\u2010limits\u2010to\u2010length\u2010of\u2010freight\u2010trains\u2010moving\u2010through\u2010wa\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"CBS. (2023).States clamp down on freight trains fearing derailments and federal gridlocks.CBS News.https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/pittsburgh\/news\/states\u2010clamp\u2010down\u2010on\u2010freight\u2010trains\u2010fearing\u2010derailments\u2010and\u2010federal\u2010gridlock\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Congress.gov. (2023).Text\u2014S.576. Washington D.C.: 118th Congress (2023\u20102024).Congress.gov.https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th\u2010congress\/senate\u2010bill\/576\/text"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211031534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802383125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118810780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2546-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2289-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544097JRRT84"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"Multer J. Melnik G. Safar H. &King S.(2022).Stakeholder perceptions of longer trains(No. DOT\/FRA\/ORD\u201022\/43 DOT\u2010VNTSC\u2010FRA\u201022\u201001).United States Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration Technical Reports."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Nayak P. R. Rosenfield D. B. &Hagopian J. H.(1983).Event probabilities and impact zones for hazardous materials accidents on railroads(Report No. DOT\u2010TSC\u2010FRA\u201083\u20105).United States. Federal Railroad Administration."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)00086-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(96)00060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability Office (US GAO). (2019).Rail safety: Freight trains are getting longer and additional information is needed to assess their impact(Report No. GAO\u201019\u2010443).United States Government Accountability Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544097221080615"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.14312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T07:08:59Z","timestamp":1731136139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.14312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.14312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.14312","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}