{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:51:14Z","timestamp":1790855474848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As extreme weather events like floods and storms continue to increase, it is crucial to examine the degree to which various disaster preparedness and mitigation investments can lower these risks. In this research, we empirically examine the effects of multiple federal disaster aid programs on reducing subsequent flood\u2010 and storm\u2010related damages across US coastal states. Our analysis distinguishes aid programs and their funded projects targeting different emergency management functions, including preparedness, nonstructural and structural mitigation, emergency response and protective measures, and rehabilitation of public infrastructure. We construct panel data of more than 1800 US counties over the years 2000\u20132019 and estimate a fixed\u2010effects model with time\u2010varying county\u2010level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. We find that disaster aid generally helps mitigate property damages, although this loss\u2010reduction effect varies by program. Among all aid programs, the Emergency Management Performance Grant results in the largest reduction of future flood damages. The Public Assistance grants supporting emergency work are also found to exert a strong effect on risk reduction. We also find that the impacts of disaster aid are higher in coastal counties. Our study is one of the first few examining the resilience implication of disaster aid in coastal counties, and our results underscore the importance of investing in capacity building, contingency planning, and consistency in maintenance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.16111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T01:28:58Z","timestamp":1722043738000},"page":"307-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Estimating the loss\u2010reduction effects of disaster preparedness and mitigation: An empirical study of US coastal states"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Policy Rochester Institute of Technology  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meri","family":"Davlasheridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Environmental Science Texas A&amp;M University at Galveston  Galveston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e31828ecd84"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Flood damage assessments: Theory and evidence from the United States. Encyclopedia of crisis analysis","author":"Bakkensen L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716205284676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Congressional Budget Office (CBO). (2007).Potential cost savings from the pre\u2010disaster mitigation program.Congressional Budget Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011604818385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-017-9859-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-018-9814-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/le.95.1.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04826-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jors.12534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"897","volume":"49","author":"Domingue S. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Vulnerability and Procedural Equity: Exploring the Distribution of Disaster Aid Across Counties in the United States The American Review of Public Administration"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0033\u20103352.00143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"89S","article-title":"Ready or not? How citizens and public officials perceive risk and preparedness","author":"Donahue A K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Review of Public Administration"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA). (2010).IS\u20101 emergency manager: An orientation to the position.FEMA.http:\/\/training.fema.gov\/EMIWeb\/IS\/courseOverview.aspx?code=is\u20101.a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA). (2021).FEMA preparedness grants manual.FEMA.https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/FEMA_2021\u2010Preparedness\u2010Grants\u2010Manual_02\u201019\u20102021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2721.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Gallagher J.(2023).Retrospective voting and natural disasters that cause no damage: Accounting for the selective reporting of weather damage(Working Paper).https:\/\/justinpgallagher.com\/pdfs\/Attentive_Electorate_012023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"496","volume":"41","author":"Garrett T. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments Economic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","article-title":"The real scandal of New Your City's Sandy recovery","author":"Gelinas N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"New York Post"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Hawley K. Moench M. &Sabbag L.(2012).Understanding the economics of flood risk reduction: A preliminary analysis.Institute for Social and Environmental Transition\u2010International."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055409990104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2012).Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (Special report of working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).IPCC.http:\/\/ipcc\u2010wg2.gov\/SREX\/images\/uploads\/SREX\u2010All_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0034653053970339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s2382624x17710011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-011-9488-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2170-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao Q.(2018b).The fiscal implications of managing natural disasters for national and subnational governments.Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199389407.013.194","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199389407.013.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2018.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbaf.12273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mun033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). (2005).Natural hazard mitigation saves: an independent study to assess the future savings from mitigation activities. Multihazard Mitigation Council.National Institute of Building Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). (2017).Natural hazard mitigation saves 2017 interim report: An independent study. Multihazard Mitigation Council.National Institute of Building Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). (2019).Natural hazard mitigation saves: 2019 report. Multihazard Mitigation Council.National Institute of Building Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","unstructured":"National Research Council of the National Academies.2006.Facing hazards and disasters: Understanding human dimensions.The National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2022).Total economy of coastal areas data. Based on data from the Bureau of Labor statistics and the bureau of economic analysis.NOAA Office for Coastal Management."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1538-0645.1430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-022-00119-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2014.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","unstructured":"Sutton J. &Tierney K.(2006).Disaster preparedness: Concepts guidance and research. InReport prepared for the Fritz Institute Assessing Disaster Preparedness Conference Sebastopol California November 3 and 4 2006.Fritz Institute."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527\u20106996.0000444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2021.107273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","volume-title":"Introductory econometrics. A modern approach","author":"Wooldridge J. M.","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.16111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:19:49Z","timestamp":1738541989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.16111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.16111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.16111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}