{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T03:24:36Z","timestamp":1767410676553,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Public health challenges are increasingly complex, and interventions reducing the risk of one health outcome may increase the risk of another. We focus on the increased risk of occupational asthma (OA) for nurses and the decreased risk of occupational infections from contaminated surfaces from intensifying cleaning and disinfection protocols (i.e., during the COVID\u201019 pandemic). A risk\u2013risk trade\u2010off approach allows for the calculation of tolerable risks. We then determine, through a quantitative microbial risk assessment, critical concentrations of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 hygiene standards for surfaces that would achieve those tolerance levels. We find that, on average, in three out of our four scenarios, nurses prefer contracting a respiratory viral illness over OA around 80% of the time. Knowing another person who has contracted a respiratory viral infection (RVI) is negatively related to increasing respiratory viral infection\u00a0risk. Critical concentrations were &lt;0.01 viral particles\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , implying frequent monitoring of viral concentrations on surfaces is needed to ensure risk targets are achieved. When applied to occupational health trade\u2010offs for nurses engaging in cleaning and disinfection, we show that high environmental hygiene standards are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T03:15:40Z","timestamp":1761275740000},"page":"4039-4057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applying a Risk\u2010Risk Tradeoff Economics Approach to the Occupational Health of Nurses: Economic and Microbial Risk Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Mussio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Leeds University Business School University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Chilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University Business School  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise A.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn B.","family":"Gerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Population Health Sciences, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community, Environment, &amp; Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.2014.Environmental Cleaning for the Prevention of Healthcare\u2010Associated Infections (HAI).Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/healthcare\u2010infections_research\u2010protocol.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2005.00646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6285-8.00072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Bates T. E.Shen J.Spetz J.Bitton andR.Allgeyer.2022.The Future of Oregon's Nursing Workforce: Analysis and Recommendations.Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies.https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/OHPB\/MtgDocs\/Oregon%20Nursing%20Workforce%20Study%20Final%20Report_Draft.10.18.2022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.974808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2552547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166\u2010021\u201009345\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1927234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2021.SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and Surface (Fomite) Transmission for Indoor Community Environments.CDC.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/more\/science\u2010and\u2010research\/surface\u2010transmission.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166\u2010023\u201009422\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1165912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166\u2010023\u201009403\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-011-9331-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(89)90038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2021.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2020.1784427"},{"volume-title":"The Value of Life: An Economic Analysis","year":"1976","author":"Jones\u2010Lee M. 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