{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:45:06Z","timestamp":1791265506695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Volume variation of toilet water flushing exhibits an intense association with bioaerosol emissions. However, studies on the effects of toilet flushing water on bioaerosol emissions and their quantitative health risks for exposed populations with various breathing patterns are lacking. This research systematically evaluated\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioaerosol concentrations, size distribution, and their decreasing ratio in a dormitory restroom under decremental volumes of toilet flushing water. The experimental measurements were then used as input data for Monte Carlo simulation\u2010based quantitative microbiological risk assessment and sensitivity analysis. The disease burden (DB) was estimated for two exposed populations with nasal\/oral breathing patterns, and key contributing input parameters were identified. The result indicates that maximum bioaerosol concentrations were detected in the highest volume of flushing water condition and minimum concentration in the lowest condition. The DB of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioaerosols in the highest volume of flushing water condition were 2.16\u20132.36 and 2.20\u20132.25 times higher than those in the lowest condition, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioaerosol DB of nasal breathing pattern were, respectively, 1.44\u20131.54 and 1.46\u20131.61 times higher than those of oral breathing pattern. Furthermore, DB of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioaerosol under various exposure scenarios was intolerable based on the World Health Organization benchmark. However, after flushing at 3.0\u00a0L per flush,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioaerosol DB satisfied the benchmark. In all exposure scenarios, nasal and oral breathing patterns were nearly identical in terms of their coefficient ranking and percentage ratio. The first substantial contributing input parameter was the deposited concentration of bioaerosol. This study shows that reduced toilet flushing water volume lowers bioaerosol emissions and urban health risks, providing valuable insights for sustainable sanitation approaches that align water conservation with public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T03:29:44Z","timestamp":1761103784000},"page":"4000-4013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decremental Volumes of Toilet Flushing Water Effects on Bioaerosol Emission Characteristics: Health Risks for Exposure Populations With Nasal\/Oral Breathing Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Wajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting\u2010xu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non\u2010Communicable Diseases MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University  Suzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang Guizhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Huzhenyu Environmental Technology Co., Ltd  Wuhan Hubei P. R. 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