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Medical waste management involves numerous stakeholders, including environmental, healthcare, agricultural, and laboratory regulatory authorities, organizations generating medical waste, and transportation and disposal companies. The traditional regulatory system suffers from inter\u2010departmental obstacles and opportunistic behavior by stakeholders. All of these issues have drawn widespread attention from the government and the public in the wake of the pandemic. To address these issues, Shanghai has taken the lead in implementing digital transformation to enhance the effectiveness of medical waste management. This study constructs an innovative analytical framework encompassing function, structure, and institution to comprehensively examine digital transformation. This framework reveals how functional enhancements through digital technologies first improve operations via real\u2010time information transmission, process reengineering, and increased efficiency, and then subsequently reshape inter\u2010organizational relationships while requiring calibrated institutional adaptation for effective implementation. It also indicates a critical role of technological\u2010institutional alignment in determining transformation outcomes. Based on this framework, a quadratic assignment procedure and social network analysis are used to compare the planned, traditional, and digital networks formed before and after the digital transformation of medical waste management in Shanghai. Through systematic analysis of these networks, this study investigates how digital transformation can enhance medical waste management effectiveness and provides a nuanced analysis that goes beyond mere issues of technological implementation to reveal the complex interplay between digital capabilities and institutional adaptation, and to uncover the challenges involved in achieving comprehensive collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T06:39:35Z","timestamp":1764311975000},"page":"4988-5007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Does Digital Transformation Contribute to Medical Waste Management? A Case Study on Shanghai, China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Guijuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration and Policy Shanghai University of Finance and Economics  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration and Policy Shanghai University of Finance and Economics  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mux030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2011.589616"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Degree of Digitalization and Citizen Satisfaction: A Study of the Role of Local eGovernment in Sweden","volume":"16","author":"Bernhard I.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of e\u2010Government"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2010.03.001"},{"volume-title":"UCINET 6 for Windows","year":"2002","author":"Borgatti S. 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