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Since 2020, cases in mainland France have been on the rise, with most attributed to the importation of dogs from Eastern Europe. However, the risk of introducing\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    into mainland France through commercial dog imports from worldwide sources remains poorly characterized. To address this gap, a quantitative risk assessment was conducted using a stochastic scenario tree model incorporating the region of origin of the imported dogs. In addition, impact of management measures on the annual number of\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected dogs imported into France was evaluated. The results showed that the commercial dog imports represent a substantial risk for introducing\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    into mainland France, with a median annual number of infected dogs imported estimated at 41.60 (95% PI: 5.12\u20138784.00). This risk was particularly high for imports originating from the USA, Eastern Europe, North Africa, and Latin America. The evaluation of management measures through simulations showed that the introduction of mandatory pre\u2010import testing for\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with 80% compliance or full enforcement\u2014could significantly reduce the associated risk. These measures led to a reduction in the annual number of infected dogs imported into mainland France by a factor of 4 to 1000 compared to the baseline model. These findings highlight the need for implementing targeted management measures to prevent the introduction of\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    into France.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:04:43Z","timestamp":1773479083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Assessment and Management of\n                    <i>Brucella canis<\/i>\n                    Introduction via Commercial Dog Imports Into France"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5077-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Mvumbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, \u00c9cole nationale v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale EPIMIM  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Est Cr\u00e9teil (UPEC)  Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, \u00c9cole nationale v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale EPIMIM  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Crozet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, \u00c9cole nationale v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale EPIMIM  Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"644","article-title":"Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo para brucelosis canina en perros dom\u00e9sticos de once comunas de la ciudad de Medell\u00edn\u2010Colombia","volume":"14","author":"Agudelo\u2010Fl\u00f3rez P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102\u201009352004000200021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/67\/2018\u2010VETMED"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Discospondylitis and Orchitis Associated With High Brucella Titre in a Dog","volume":"24","author":"Anderson G. 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