{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:51:19Z","timestamp":1791258679674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Culverts (or road\u2010stream crossings) are prone to failure during extreme events such as flooding. However, culverts are considered small\u2010scale infrastructure and have been understudied and overlooked. The impact of culvert failure could be far\u2010reaching and is especially damaging in rural networks where there is less redundancy in the transport system when compared to a dense urban network. Culvert failure can block road infrastructure and disconnect community members from places of interest such as hospitals. Current work on culverts has focused on improving component level condition ratings. This work allows for prioritization at the component level; however, culvert failure should be modeled as a system event where multiple culverts may fail at one time. Community characteristics are also neglected from current work focusing only on culvert condition ratings. Spatial distributions of communities and places of interest must be integrated into risk analyses to holistically understand culvert impact. This paper introduces a new methodology for simulating culvert failure during hazard events. Particular attention is given toward measuring community impact and using publicly available data to ensure transferability. Additionally, infrastructure\u2010induced disconnection is coupled with community characteristics to identify areas of concern and propose mitigation actions. Finally, culvert importance metrics are introduced to help identify critical culverts within the system. The method is illustrated on a case study network in Western\u00a0Massachusetts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1787058071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling Culvert Failure and Community Accessibility Impacts During Hazards"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Govina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lochner  Tewksbury Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egemen","family":"Okte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2026.106073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5711\/1082598318121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-04940-170415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2018.1527739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bent G. C. S. A.Olson andA. J.Massey.2016.Tropical Storm Irene Flood of August 2011 in Northwestern Massachusetts. Technical Report 2016\u20135027. U.S. Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20165027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.108184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Bureau U. C.2020. \u201cExplore Census Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/data.census.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Vulnerability and Resilience to Natural Hazards","author":"Burton C. G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Seismic Performance of Highway Bridges","volume":"2","author":"Chang K.\u2010C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2003.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44304-024-00022-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JITSE4.ISENG-2258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2050-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration.2023.Questions and Answers on the National Bridge Inspection Standards: 23 CFR 650 Subpart C. U.S. Department of Transportation."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Franklin Regional Council of Governments.2025.Culvert Assessments.Franklin Regional Council of Governments."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13632460309350474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23789689.2018.1448667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/adee30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2022.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09496-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"Hendricks M. D.2017. \u201cThe Infrastructures of Equity and Environmental Justice.\u201dPhD diss. Texas A&M University."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"Hotchkiss R. H. C. M.Frei et\u00a0al.2007.Design for Fish Passage at Roadway\u2010Stream Crossings: Synthesis Report United States.Federal Highway Administration.https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/engineering\/hydraulics\/pubs\/07033\/07033.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Hunt J. H. B.Bergendahl S. M.Zerges andB. C.Roberts.2010.Culvert Assessment and Decision\u2010Making Procedures Manual for Federal Lands Highway.Federal Lands Highway."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Hwang H. J. B.Liu andY.\u2010H.Chiu.2001. \u201cSeismic Fragility Analysis of Highway Bridges.\u201d.Mid\u2010America Earthquake Center.http:\/\/mae.cee.illinois.edu\/publications\/reports\/Report01-06.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2015.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/41165(397)168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"The Vermont Culvert Aquatic Organism Passage Screening Tool","author":"Kim R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.probengmech.2003.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2024.103907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.198701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118774157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01642-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"Lunderville N.2012.Irene Recovery Report: A Stronger Future.Recovery Coordination Team."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Transportation.2019. \u201cEnvironmental Justice Policy.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info\u2010details\/environmental\u2010justice\u2010populations\u2010in\u2010massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2024.102483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52655-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures3020010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","unstructured":"Rees P. S.Jackson S.Mabee andK.Mcarthur.2018.A Proposed Method for Assessing the Vulnerability of Road\u2010Stream Crossings to Climate Change: Deerfield River Watershed Pilot.Massachusetts Department of Transportation."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/40644(2002)298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118631980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.07.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2014.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103452"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","unstructured":"Shinozuka M. S.Banerjee andS.\u2010H.Kim.2007. \u201cStatistical and Mechanistic Fragility Analysis of Concrete Bridges.\u201dMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.https:\/\/www.eng.buffalo.edu\/mceer-reports\/07\/07-0015.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva\u2010Tulla F. M. A.Pando D.Pradel Y.Park andR.Kayen.2020. \u201cGeotechnical Consequences and Failures In Puerto Rico due to Hurricane Maria.\u201d InGeo\u2010Congress 2020 173\u2013185.American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482797.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.112073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","unstructured":"Thurston J.2021. \u201cLong\u2010Distance Detour: Vermont Culvert Failure Adds 50\u201370 Miles to Some Drives.\u201d.https:\/\/www.necn.com\/news\/local\/long-distance-detour-vermont-culvert-failure-adds-50-70-miles-to-some-drives\/2496938\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"University of Massachusetts.2024. \u201cNorth Atlantic Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative.\u201dhttps:\/\/streamcontinuity.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey.2011. \u201cTropical Storm Irene in New England 2011.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/new\u2010england\u2010water\u2010science\u2010center\/science\/tropical\u2010storm\u2010irene\u2010new\u2010england\u20102011."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40890-019-0071-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Upper and Lower Bounds of Terminal Reliability of Road Networks: An Efficient Method with Boolean Algebra","volume":"14","author":"Wakabayashi H.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Disaster Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Failure Conditions of Flexible Culverts Embedded in Soil","volume":"39","author":"Watkins R. K.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Highway Research Board Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Graph Theory","author":"West D. B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","unstructured":"Wyant D. N. C. H. R.Program N. R. C. U. T. R.Board A. A.of State Highway andT.Officials.2002. \u201cAssessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Culverts. NCHRP synthesis 303.\u201dTransportation Research Board National Research Council.https:\/\/trb.org\/publications\/nchrp\/nchrp_syn_303.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/41050(357)5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:2(140)"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70310","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.70310","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70310","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:05:37Z","timestamp":1791255937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.70310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.70310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.70310","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70310"}}