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Yet, their actual impact on cancer and noncancer disease risk remains uncertain and requires rigorous quantitative assessment. In this study, we develop a unified and transparent computational framework for toxicological risk assessment of HTPs, integrating chemical emissions data with compound\u2010specific toxicological thresholds derived from regulatory agencies. Our work (i) systematically reviews and harmonizes existing risk models used in the literature, (ii) formulates generalizable mathematical models for estimating lifetime cancer risk, hazard quotients, and margins of exposure that account for population demographics, smoking habits, and compound characteristics, and (iii) validates these models by reproducing published results and exploring the sensitivity of risk estimates to model parameters and emission sources. Using emissions data from conventional cigarettes and HTPs, we quantify per\u2010compound and aggregated cancer and noncancer risks, and evaluate the relative risk reduction associated with switching from cigarettes to HTPs. The proposed risk analysis models provide a reproducible, extensible, and transparent approach for computational toxicology assessment, and can be readily applied to emerging nicotine and tobacco products within harm\u2010reduction evaluation\u00a0paradigms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:38:11Z","timestamp":1785479891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Assessment Models for Heated Tobacco Products"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Maddalena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for High\u2010Performance Computing and Networking National Research Council Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beril","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InDatis s.r.l. 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