{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T07:24:13Z","timestamp":1787210653882,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201002304112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201002304112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantifying human exposure to airborne respiratory viruses is essential for infection risk assessment modeling and evidence\u2010based infection control policies. However, accurate size and time resolved estimates of airborne viral RNA copies in indoor spaces are often hindered by existing models that compress complex droplet physics into too simplified processes. Therefore, we present a size\u2010resolved framework that couples saliva\u2010specific evaporation and residue formation with gravitational settling to compute airborne viral RNA covering 1\u20132000 \u00b5m under varied temperature, relative humidity, and ambient pressure (101.325 and 75.3\u00a0kPa). Our framework also combines particle volume contribution considering saliva mass uncertainty, viral load, viral half\u2010life, exhalation mechanisms (talking, coughing, sneezing), and ventilation effects. Under literature\u2010based half\u2010life inputs and volume\u2010proportional RNA allocation, viral load and size\u2010resolved airborne lifetime dominated the simulated RNA\u2010copy trends, although the role of viral half\u2010life may vary if RNA decay differs from infectivity decay or if viral RNA concentrates in long\u2010suspended fine aerosols. Talking dominates persistence of airborne RNA copies since coughing and sneezing produce larger droplets that settle quickly. Also, model predictions are compared with hospital air\u2010sampling datasets. The 50\u2010percentile of saliva mass provides the closest match, with most samples falling within roughly one order of magnitude and central tendency close to unbiased. Our model is designed to serve as (1) pre\u2010processor that supplies inputs for infection\u2010risk assessment modeling studies and (2) decision\u2010making support tool, facilitating public\u2010health intervention. Therefore, we also provide an online web tool that allows users to directly adjust inputs and immediately analyze scenario\u2010specific outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T07:18:06Z","timestamp":1785395886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical Modeling of Viral RNA Copies in Indoor Environments: Pre\u2010Processor for Risk Assessment and Decision\u2010Making Support Tool for Public Health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8738-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungjae","family":"Gwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongmin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y. H.","family":"Pui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Science and Engineering University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4256-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong\u2010Bin","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2024.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1462639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01623\u201005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0019090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"CDC & HICPAC.2003.Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health\u2010Care Facilities.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection\u2010control\/hcp\/environmental\u2010control\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg0842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.112453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0015044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Gkantonas S. 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