{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:51:02Z","timestamp":1791258662249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005612","name":"Water Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding virus occurrence and reduction at advanced treatment facilities for potable water reuse constitutes a high\u2010priority research need to protect human health and to enhance available water supply alternatives. The objectives were to (1) determine log reduction values (LRVs) of 15 viruses by advanced wastewater treatment; (2) evaluate suitability of the final wastewater effluent for potable reuse; (3) evaluate viruses or groups of viruses as indicators of wastewater treatment efficiency. Reduction data of seven human enteric and eight surrogate viruses were obtained from three potable reuse facilities. LRVs were estimated using a Bayesian model that can handle nondetects and identifies groups of viruses with similar LRVs. Quantitative microbial risk assessments were conducted for adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and noroviruses GI and GII. Mean total LRVs ranged from 5.4 to 11 log\n                    <jats:sub>10.<\/jats:sub>\n                    Required mean total LRVs for the four pathogenic viruses ranged from 11.3 to 13.4 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Both male\u2010specific and somatic coliphages, detected by classical enumeration of infectious virions, are recommended as indicator viruses. Of the pathogenic viruses, adenovirus was found to be the most effective indicator for virus reduction. At all facilities, infection risks were higher than 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    per person per year, implying that the finished water may not comply with existing safety standards. Infection risks may have been overestimated by 2\u20134 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    because only a fraction of the detected virus was infectious. Nevertheless, achieved LRVs were still too low and given the uncertainty on infectious virus fraction, one may accept overestimation of risks to stay on the safe side.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T11:56:16Z","timestamp":1788004576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bayesian Model for Estimation of Virus Reduction in Potable Reuse Treatment Trains and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Waterborne Viral Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9327-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack F.","family":"Schijven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Hydrogeology Group, Geosciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1904-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter F. M.","family":"Teunis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe WASH Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter Q.","family":"Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballest\u00e9 E. A. R.Blanch J.Mendez et\u00a0al.2021. \u201cBacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water.\u201dFrontiers in Microbiology12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.619495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Betancourt W.2023.WRF 4955: Indicator Viruses to Confirm Advanced Physical Treatment. The Water Research Foundation.https:\/\/www.waterrf.org\/system\/files\/resource\/2023\u201009\/DRPT\u20104955.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health.2014.Groundwater Replenishment Using Recycled Water: Draft Regulations. Title 22 California Code of Regulations Division 4 Chapter 3. DPH\u201014\u2010003E May 30 2014. 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F.Schijven.2019.Generic Guidance to Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Food and Water.RIVM. Report 2017\u2013188.https:\/\/rivm.openrepository.com\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/efd5c89c\u2010e8bd\u20104a56\u201096ab\u2010c381cf5a7468\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2020.100401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.204048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.2022.RG\u2010634. Direct Potable Reuse for Public Water Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).2012.Guidelines for Water Reuse. EPA\/600\/R\u201012\/618. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"USEPA.2006.Economic Analysis for the Final Ground Water Rule. 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A.Carratal\u00e0 R.Ossola V.Bachmann andT.Kohn.2017. \u201cCross\u2010Resistance of UV\u2010 or Chlorine Dioxide\u2010Resistant Echovirus 11 to Other Disinfectants.\u201dFrontiers in Microbiology. 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01928"}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70343","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.70343","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:07:34Z","timestamp":1791256054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.70343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.70343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.70343","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70343"}}