{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:51:00Z","timestamp":1791258660832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rapid spread of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants, including Omicron JN.1, has revived significant challenges to health systems and regenerates microbial risk to public health security. Although COVID\u201019 booster vaccines have ensured enhanced protection against new variants, there remain persistent disparities in vaccine acceptance and uptake between rural and urban populations. This study assesses COVID\u201019 booster vaccine acceptance and compares antecedents of acceptance across rural and urban communities in Southern Bangladesh. A cross\u2010sectional observational study was conducted between December 15, 2023, and March 15, 2024, in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. By using stratified random sampling, 707 adults comprising 379 rural and 328 urban respondents (refusal rate: 16.7% rural, 23.2% urban) were surveyed. The study employed descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis to identify socio\u2010psychological predictors of booster acceptance, with statistical significance set at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05. The acceptance rate of COVID\u201019 vaccine booster dose was 69.9% overall, with a significantly lower rate in rural 62.5% (95% CI: 60.6\u201364.8) compared to urban areas 78.4% (95% CI: 76.2\u201380.6,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 20.87,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression estimation revealed that rural and urban participants perceived booster dose as \u201cequally safe\u201d were more likely to accept booster vaccination. Conversely, fear of \u201cside effects\u201d was negatively associated with acceptance in both settings. Among rural respondents, communication with vaccination services, trust in booster vaccine, and social influence, showed strong positive associations with booster vaccine acceptance. In urban settings, \u201ccommunity protection\u201d and \u201crisk\u2013benefit ratio\u201d were revealed as significant predictors of booster acceptance, whereas reliance on non\u2010pharmaceutical preventative measures following the primary vaccination series was negatively associated with booster uptake in urban areas. The acceptance of booster vaccines was higher among rural and urban populations with higher educational levels. In addition, rural healthcare professionals and urban individuals with comorbidities exhibited greater acceptance of booster vaccines. The study highlighted substantial rural\u2013urban disparities in COVID\u201019 booster vaccine acceptance in southern Bangladesh, shaped by differences in risk perception, trust, and communication. Fear of side effects remains a key barrier across both populations and a major reason of booster skepticism. Strengthening health communication, improving vaccine risk\u2010benefit knowledge, and integrating public health surveillance as a tool for community education to improve booster uptake, particularly in marginalized areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:32:11Z","timestamp":1788759131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acceptance of the COVID\u201019 Booster Vaccine Amid the Omicron JN.1 Surge in Southern Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis of Rural\u2013Urban Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debendra","family":"Nath Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Jashore University of Science and Technology  Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaheb","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Jashore University of Science and Technology  Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6087-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Aktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Jashore University of Science and Technology  Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4664-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ekramul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Rajshahi  Rajshahi Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shah","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marketing University of Rajshahi  Rajshahi Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100298"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071048"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00132-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060548"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00963-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.58835"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111870"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732215600716"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1134-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101422"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00217-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2022.81","article-title":"Ethics and Effectiveness of US COVID\u201019 Vaccine Mandates and Vaccination Passports: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Canning A. 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