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After summarizing representative applications of these methods, we draw on the framework for societal resilience developed in the Finnish COVID\u201019 Science to Panel to elaborate on the range of capabilities that can be leveraged to mitigate mis\/disinformation, for example, by maintaining alertness, implementing risk management actions, and interacting with stakeholders to promote awareness. We then present a numerical case study that illustrates how multi\u2010criteria portfolio decision analysis can be combined with probabilistic approaches for modeling voting behavior and the spread of mis\/disinformation to identify cost\u2010efficient strategies consisting of combinations of risk management actions. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges posed by mis\/disinformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:32:37Z","timestamp":1790584357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Can Multi\u2010Criteria Portfolio Decision Analysis Help Mitigate Mis\/Disinformation?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahti","family":"Salo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Analysis Laboratory Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis Aalto University School of Science  Aalto Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leevi","family":"Olander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Analysis Laboratory Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis Aalto University School of Science  Aalto Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuomas","family":"Raivio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Analysis Laboratory Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis Aalto University School of Science  Aalto Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12153280"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764214550299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2022.2142950"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010024\u201018419\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Multiple Criteria Decision Making: Current State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art Surveys","author":"Belton V.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323118760317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1416722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt5hjq0c.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2020.2.1481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195064650.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES\u201007\u20102024\u20100089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/imaman\/dpw021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/deca.2023.0468"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of Rationality","author":"French S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2006.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Government of Finland.2020.Preventing the Harmful Effects of the COVID\u201019 Crisis in Accordance With the Principles of Sustainable Development. 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