{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:50:50Z","timestamp":1791258650450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lexical utilities have been proposed as an attempt to model the precautionary principle. However, critics argue that this introduces hypersensitivity and allows for sweeping interventions for the sake of precaution no matter the possible costs. Advocates of lexical precautionary principle (LPP) have advanced a counterargument to this objection by suggesting that in lexicographic structures lower\u2010ranked criteria causally impact on higher\u2010ordered ones and so LPPs are not hypersensitive for they are seeking the precaution that minimizes overall risk. However, lexicographic models preclude, by definition, causal interaction between lower and higher\u2010ordered criteria and, second, they cannot model continuous quantities that are almost always necessary when cost\u2010benefit calculations take place. As a result, lexical utilities constitute a rather impossible modeling strategy of the precautionary principle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:37:56Z","timestamp":1790584676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lexical Utilities, Precautionary Principle, and Continuous Quantities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2332-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karadimas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Hellenic Air Force Academy  Acharnes Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1883074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048402.2016.1182196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-021-03179-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Lattice Theory","author":"Birkhoff G.","year":"1948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.28786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670\u2010023\u201000736\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0708563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.20.11.1442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1881875"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00052-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025576823096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2013.844569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229\u2010024\u201004567\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24967-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2025310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199\u2010020\u201001256\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Rio Declaration.2021. \"The Rio Declaration: Principle 15\u2014The Precautionary Approach.\"https:\/\/www.gdrc.org\/u\u2010gov\/precaution\u20107.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle","author":"Raffensperger C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2019.1581417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis","author":"Schelling T. C.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Philosophy and the Precautionary Principle: Science, Evidence, and Environmental Policy","author":"Steel D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229\u2010025\u201005062\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-023-02082-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Sunstein C. R.2002. \u201cBeyond the Precautionary Principle.\u201d John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 149.University of Chicago Law School."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Framework Convention on Climate Change","author":"United Nations","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldq033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"WHO.2022. \u201cYears of Life Lost (Per 100 000 Population).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/indicator\u2010metadata\u2010registry\/imr\u2010details\/4427."}],"container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70374","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/risa.70374","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/risa.70374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:59:14Z","timestamp":1791255554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/risa.70374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/risa.70374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.70374","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4332","1539-6924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4332","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70374"}}