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While the classical risk equation (Risk = Hazard \u00d7 Vulnerability \u00d7 Exposure) remains a useful heuristic, it relies on a separability assumption that breaks down in feedback\u2010rich, co\u2010evolving systems. This failure reflects a familiar diagnosis: risk can be mistaken for a complicated problem, decomposable and optimizable, when it is a complex one, characterized by emergence and adaptation. Our contribution herein is not this distinction but its analytical consequence. Drawing on an interdisciplinary workshop on systemic risk and resilience, we propose inseparability as a foundational premise for disaster risk science. Hazard, exposure, and vulnerability might be better understood as dynamically coupled processes rather than separable variables. We derive implications across four axes: reframing vulnerability as a non\u2010ergodic system property; addressing cross\u2010scale dynamics; shifting from risk control to adaptive management; and treating knowledge co\u2010production as a scientific necessity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:35:08Z","timestamp":1792042508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inseparability in Disaster Risk Science: Accounting for Coupled, Co\u2010Evolving Systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4377-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Dunant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate Change and Transformation, Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Hochrainer\u2010Stigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)  Laxenburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2169-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liz J Olaya","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate Change and Transformation, Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"McGranaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard","family":"Mechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)  Laxenburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Pittore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate Change and Transformation, Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Constantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8293-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia De","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC  Metz France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marleen C.","family":"de Ruiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Vrije Universiteit  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6762-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Falmagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technological University Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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