{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:42:34Z","timestamp":1792582954510,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Urban parks in rapidly developing cities face increasing heavy metal contamination, yet seasonal dynamics remain poorly understood. This study evaluated seasonal variations in heavy metal contamination and associated human health risks in two major parks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We analyzed 48 surface soil samples (24 locations \u00d7 2 seasons) for eight metals using ICP\u2010OES. Pollution levels were evaluated using indices (EF,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      I\n                      <jats:sub>geo<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , CF, PER, mHQ, TU, and TRI) and GIS\u2010geostatistics. Sources were apportioned via multivariate analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF), and health risks to children and adults were simulated using Monte Carlo methods. Al (Go Vap 12,475\u00a0ppm; Gia Dinh 13,998\u00a0ppm) and Fe (Go Vap 12,324.1\u00a0ppm; Gia Dinh 7620.7\u00a0ppm) dominated soil composition. In Go Vap, there was an increase in Al, Mn enrichment and Pb spikes (EF = 91.69) in the dry season; Gia Dinh had Cr (EF = 4.43) enrichment in the dry season and higher Mn (EF = 4.19) in the rainy season. PMF identified four sources: traffic solid waste (31.4%), traffic emissions and construction dust (15.8%), natural weathering (20.1%), and redox processes (32.7%). Spatial analysis revealed dry\u2010season high\u2010risk hotspots expanding to 39.41% of Gia Dinh and 36.02% of Go Vap park areas. Cr posed the highest health risk (HQ = 0.53 for children, 0.057 for adults), primarily via ingestion. All risk indices intensified during the dry season (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Dry seasons increase the risk of contamination in tropical urban parks, especially Cr. This study supports seasonal monitoring and enhanced protection for children in monsoon\u2010affected green spaces.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:03:51Z","timestamp":1792580631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Multivariate and Spatial Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Associated Ecotoxicological and Human Health Risks in Urban Park Soils: A Case Study From Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9571-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Xuan","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh city  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi","family":"Tuyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vo Van Kiet Highschool  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8884-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Kim","family":"Hoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Resources and Environment  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luu Tang Phuc","family":"Khang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.3390\/w15101943","article-title":"Geospatial\u2010Based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weighted Product Model (WPM) Techniques for Mapping and Assessing Flood Susceptibility in the Wadi Hanifah Drainage Basin, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"AlAli A. 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