{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:23:32Z","timestamp":1780431812491,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":361,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regional Science Policy & Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:33:55Z","timestamp":1657067635000},"page":"6-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Impact of immobility and mobility activities on the spread of COVID\u201019: Evidence from European countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louafi","family":"Bouzouina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7171-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karima","family":"Kourtit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4068-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Nijkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244474","article-title":"Tracking R of COVID\u201019: A new real\u2010time estimation using the Kalman filter","volume":"16","author":"Arroyo\u2010Marioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6531","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9338","article-title":"Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID\u201019","volume":"371","author":"Brauner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0003","series-title":"Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (advances in econometrics)","article-title":"The local power of some unit root tests for panel data","author":"Breitung","year":"2001"},{"issue":"20495","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0004","article-title":"Effects of government policies on the spread of COVID\u201019 worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Policy and environmental predictors of parks visits during the first months of the COVID\u201019 pandemic: Getting out while staying in","volume":"54","author":"Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2012.02.014","article-title":"Testing for Granger non\u2010causality in heterogeneous panels","volume":"29","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2012.04.081","article-title":"The flexible Fourier form and Dickey\u2013Fuller type unit root tests","volume":"117","author":"Enders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247614","article-title":"Containment of COVID\u201019: Simulating the impact of different policies and testing capacities for contact tracing, testing, and isolation","volume":"16","author":"Fiore","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID\u201019 government response tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2307\/1913827","article-title":"Specification tests in econometrics","volume":"46","author":"Hausman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0011","series-title":"Studies in Applied Economic Series 200","article-title":"A literature review and meta\u2010analysis of the effects of lockdowns on Covid\u201019 mortality","author":"Herby","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0241957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241957","article-title":"Twitter reveals human mobility dynamics during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(03)00092-7","article-title":"Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels","volume":"115","author":"Im","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0014","first-page":"700","article-title":"A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics","volume":"115","author":"Kermack","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series a"},{"issue":"11315","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0015","article-title":"Assessing the impact of policy measures in reducing the COVID\u201019 pandemic: A case study of South Asia","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.773","article-title":"Daily dataset of 20th\u2010century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European climate assessment","volume":"22","author":"Klein Tank","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0017","first-page":"025004","article-title":"Contract tracing in configuration models","volume":"2","author":"Kryven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Complexity"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd8750","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd8750","article-title":"Anatomy of digital contact tracing: Role of age, transmission setting, adoption, and case detection","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0019","series-title":"Determinants of social distancing and economic activity during COVID\u201019: A global view","first-page":"9242","author":"Maloney","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654279","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2021.654279","article-title":"Assessing the role of daily activities and mobility in the spread of COVID\u201019 in Montreal withith an agent\u2010based approach","volume":"7","author":"Manout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Built Environment"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021073","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021073","article-title":"Effectiveness of the movement control measures during the third wave of COVID\u201019 in Malaysia","volume":"23","author":"Md Zamri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Health"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-020-00792-4","article-title":"COVID\u201019 outbreak, social response, and early economic effects: A global VAR analysis of cross\u2010country interdependencies","volume":"34","author":"Milani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12367","article-title":"Does weather influence COVID\u201019 transmission?","volume":"12","author":"Palialol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regional Science Policy & Practice"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103254","article-title":"Discovering optimal strategies for mitigating COVID\u201019 spread using machine learning: Experience from Asia","volume":"75","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.951","article-title":"A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross\u2010section dependence","volume":"22","author":"Pesaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"issue":"446","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474156","article-title":"Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels","volume":"94","author":"Pesaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12472","article-title":"On the link between temperature and regional COVID\u201019 severity: Evidence from Italy","volume":"13","author":"Rios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regional Science Policy & Practice"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0028","series-title":"Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID\u201019)","author":"Ritchie","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012326117","article-title":"COVID\u201019 lockdown induces disease\u2010mitigating structural changes in mobility networks","volume":"117","author":"Schlosser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104075","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abb396","article-title":"Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the COVID\u201019 outbreak in Oslo, Norway","volume":"15","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258205","article-title":"Impact of the stringency of lockdown measures on covid\u201019: A theoretical model of a pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Violato","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x","article-title":"Testing for error correction in panel data","volume":"69","author":"Westerlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010836117","article-title":"Mobile device data reveal the dynamics in a positive relationship between human mobility and COVID\u201019 infections","volume":"117","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1111\/rsp3.12565_rsp312565-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2020.1845903","article-title":"Stay\u2010at\u2010home works to fight against COVID\u201019: International Evidence from Google mobility data","volume":"31","author":"Yilmazkuday","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"}],"container-title":["Regional Science Policy & Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rsp3.12565","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/rsp3.12565","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1757780223004936?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1757780223004936?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rsp3.12565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T02:31:26Z","timestamp":1761705086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1757780223004936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S1757780223004936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rsp3.12565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7802"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7802","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of immobility and mobility activities on the spread of COVID\u201019: Evidence from European countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regional Science Policy & Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rsp3.12565","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2022 Copyright (2022) THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}