{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:01:04Z","timestamp":1776110464583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department ofVeterans Affairs"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Health Administration"},{"name":"Research Career Scientist award","award":["RCS 05-196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCS 05-196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mediation analysis is an important tool in social and medical sciences as it helps to understand why an intervention works. The commonly used approach, given by Baron and Kenny, requires the strong assumption \u2018sequential ignorability\u2019 to yield causal interpretation. Ten Have and his colleagues proposed a rank preserving model to relax this assumption. However, the rank preserving model is restricted to the case with binary intervention and single mediator and needs another strong assumption \u2018rank preserving\u2019. We propose a new model that can relax this assumption and can handle both multilevel intervention and multicomponent mediators. As an estimating-equation-based method, our model can handle both correlated data with the generalized estimating equation and missing data with inverse probability weighting. Finally, our method can also be used in many other research settings, using mathematical models similar to mediation analysis, such as treatment compliance and post-randomized treatment component analysis. For the causal mediation model proposed, we first show identifiability for the parameters in the model. We then propose a semiparametric method for estimating the model parameters and derive asymptotic results for the estimators proposed. Simulation shows good performance for the proposed estimators in finite sample sizes. Finally, we apply the method proposed to two real world clinical studies: the college student drinking study, and the \u2018Improving mood promoting access to collaborative treatment for late life depression\u2019 study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T23:41:53Z","timestamp":1409874113000},"page":"581-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Causal Mediation Analysis in the Multilevel Intervention and Multicomponent Mediator Case"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington , Seattle , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, and Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System , Seattle , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3016","article-title":"Mediation analysis via potential outcome models","volume":"27","author":"Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Statist. Med."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Persnlty Socl Psychol."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck depression inventories-ia and -ii in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Personlty Assessmnt"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0004","volume-title":"Brief Alcohol Screening and Interventions for College Students: a Harm Reduction Approach","author":"Dimeff","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2891","article-title":"Modeling treatment effect heterogeneity in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions (psychological treatments)","volume":"26","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statist. Med."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3533","article-title":"Mediation analysis with principal stratification","volume":"28","author":"Gallop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Statist. Med."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1996.10524656","article-title":"Finite-sample properties of some alternative gmm estimators","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Statist."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.3.389","article-title":"Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity","volume":"88","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Statist."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","article-title":"A general approach to causal mediation analysis","volume":"15","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Meth."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS321","article-title":"Identification, inference, and sensitivity analysis for causal mediation effects","volume":"25","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statist. Sci."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification and sensitivity analysis for multiple causal mechanisms: revisiting evidence from framing experiments","volume":"1","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polit. Anal."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1082","article-title":"Extended instrumental variables estimation for overall effects","volume":"4","author":"Joffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biostatist."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0013","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","article-title":"Mediation analysis","volume":"58","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"A. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2011.00780.x","article-title":"Augmented designs to assess principal strata direct effects","volume":"73","author":"Mattei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. B"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199701)53:1<7::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"The Beck anxiety inventory: reexamination of factor structure and psychometric properties","volume":"53","author":"Osman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0017","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Proc. 17th Conf. Uncertainty in Aritificial Intelligence","author":"Pearl","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161","volume-title":"Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0018","first-page":"91","article-title":"Surveying the damage: a review of research on consequences of alcohol misuse in college populations","volume":"14","author":"Perkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alc."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013","article-title":"Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects","volume":"3","author":"Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001880","article-title":"Causal inference using potential outcomes: design, modeling, decisions","volume":"100","author":"Rubin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Ass."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0021","first-page":"91","article-title":"Mediation analysis without sequential ignorability: using baseline covariates interacted with random assignment as instrumental variables","volume":"46","author":"Small","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Statist. Res."},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0022","volume-title":"Biostatistics Working Paper 130","author":"Tchetgen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2007.00766.x","article-title":"Causal mediation analyses with rank preserving models","volume":"63","author":"Ten Have","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181df191c","article-title":"Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis for direct and indirect effects","volume":"21","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023021709292998600_rssb12082-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1329","article-title":"Principal stratification: uses and limitations","volume":"7","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biostatist."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frssb.12082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/77\/3\/581\/49235487\/jrsssb_77_3_581.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/77\/3\/581\/49235487\/jrsssb_77_3_581.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T06:54:46Z","timestamp":1717311286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article\/77\/3\/581\/7040595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rssb.12082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-7412","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]}}}