{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:43:16Z","timestamp":1789846996566,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]],"date-time":"2019-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\u201068006\u201027640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201068006\u201027640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rural Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rapid increase of fatal opioid overdoses over the past two decades is a major U.S. public health problem, especially in non\u2010metropolitan communities. The crisis has transitioned from pharmaceuticals to illicit synthetic opioids and street mixtures, especially in urban areas. Using latent profile analysis, we classify <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03,079 counties into distinct classes using CDC fatal overdose rates for specific opioids in 2002\u20132004, 2008\u20132012, and 2014\u20132016. We identify three distinct epidemics (prescription opioids, heroin, and prescription\u2010synthetic opioid mixtures) and one syndemic involving all opioids. We find that\u00a0prescription\u2010related epidemic counties, whether rural or urban, have been \u201cleft behind\u201d the rest of the nation. These communities are less populated and more remote, older and mostly white, have a history of drug abuse, and are former farm and factory communities that have been in decline since the 1990s. Overdoses in these places exemplify the \u201cdeaths of despair\u201d narrative. By contrast, heroin and opioid syndemic counties tend to be more urban, connected to interstates, ethnically diverse, and in general more economically secure. The urban opioid crisis follows the path of previous drug epidemics, affecting a disadvantaged subpopulation that has been left behind rather than the entire community. County data on opioid epidemic class membership are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ruso.12307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]],"date-time":"2019-10-27T23:55:17Z","timestamp":1572220517000},"page":"589-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The Opioid Hydra: Understanding Overdose Mortality Epidemics and Syndemics Across the Rural\u2010Urban Continuum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2790-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Iowa State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Monnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Hochstetler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Iowa State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Criminology University of Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2012.634701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"When Work Disappears: Manufacturing Decline and the Falling Marriage Market Value of Young Men","author":"Autor D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities Program, Bureau of Labor 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