{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:32:47Z","timestamp":1787887967287,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Umm Al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25UQU4350291GSSR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25UQU4350291GSSR01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Special Care in Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intranasal sedation (INS) administration has gained popularity in dentistry. It is noninvasive, painless, and an easy\u2010to\u2010use drug delivery route. With the growing interest in INS, there is a need for a comprehensive review to assess its safety and efficacy and to explore the limitations in the existing literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of INS in the dental setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta\u2010analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, PROSPERO, and Cochrane Library were used to retrieve related articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search process identified 1666 articles. Of these, 1594 were excluded, and 72 were independently assessed for eligibility. In the end, 48 articles with various types of studies were selected, including RCTs, clinical trials, pilot studies, case reports\/series, retrospective, and prospective studies. The findings are presented narratively using text and tables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This scoping review found that INS is an effective type of conscious sedation (CS) for dental procedures that could overcome some of the disadvantages of other CS techniques and general anesthesia. However, an interventional comparative matched study is needed to determine if INS can be effective alone without using other types of CS, and if a combination of drugs is required, or if a single drug can be effective and safe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T10:40:47Z","timestamp":1755859247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Efficacy of Intranasal Sedation in the Dental Setting: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Almutawwif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Gogandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Faqiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment Water, and Agriculture  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital Ministry of Health  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bamunif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Yanbu Specialized Dental Center Al\u2010Madinah Health Cluster Ministry of Health  Yanbu Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Hazzazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cStatement on Continuum of Depth of Sedation: Definition of General Anesthesia and Levels of Sedation\/Analgesia \u201d (American Society of Anesthesiologists 2025)."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Guideline on Behavior Guidance for the Pediatric Dental Patient","volume":"37","author":"Clinical Affairs Committee\u2010Behavior Management Subcommittee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.9.15003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15761\/JDRP.1000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18433\/J3NC79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Premedication, in Anesthesiology Core Review: Part One Basic Exam","author":"Sharp D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Assessment of Two Doses of Intranasal Midazolam for Sedation of Young Pediatric Dental Patients","volume":"16","author":"Fuks A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/15-00016.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-40.1.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Midazolam and Hydroxyzine as Sedative Agents for Young Pediatric Dental Patients","volume":"63","author":"Shapira J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.38.2.n055763721297702"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"858","article-title":"Efficacy of Buccal Versus Intranasal Route of Administration of midazolam Spray in Behavior Management of Preschool Dental Patients","volume":"52","author":"Mowafy Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quintessence International (Berlin, Germany: 1985)"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"Buccal Versus Intranasal Midazolam Sedation for Pediatric Dental Patients","volume":"36","author":"Sunbul N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263x.2001.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.35.4.l43h3354705u2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_153_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_104_24"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Intranasal Sedation Using Ketamine and Midazolam on Behavior of 3\u20136 Year\u2010Old Uncooperative Children in Dental Office: A Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Mehran M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry (Tehran)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.38.3.l828585807482966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(94)90232-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Bispectral Index in the Sedation With Intranasal Midazolam and Intravenous Diazepam in Dental Practice","volume":"56","author":"Manani G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.12.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Intranasal Fentanyl Combined With Oral Midazolam for Pediatric Dental Sedation: A Controlled Randomized Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial","volume":"44","author":"Alhaidari R. I","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"424","article-title":"Comparing the Safety, Efficacy and Recovery of Intranasal Midazolam vs. oral Chloral Hydrate and Promethazine","volume":"23","author":"Dallman J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1919-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"The Physiologic and Behavioral Effects of Oral and Intranasal Midazolam in Pediatric Dental Patients","volume":"32","author":"Johnson E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-015-0187-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2012.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.22830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.1.1774746504g28656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6655628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.32.2.t4v60w22h712uu78"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.188433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Safety and Efficacy of Using a Concentrated Intranasal Midazolam Formulation for Pediatric Dental Sedation","volume":"27","author":"Wood M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saad Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05260.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Intranasal Midazolam Better at Effecting Amnesia After Sedation Than Oral Hydroxyzine: A Pilot Study","volume":"18","author":"Kupietzky A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Intranasal Midazolam Plasma Concentration Profile and Its Effect on Anxiety Associated With Dental Procedures","volume":"43","author":"Burstein A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesia Progress"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Intranasal Administration of Sedative Medications (Ketamine, Midazolam, or Sufentanil) for Urgent Brief Pediatric Dental Procedures","volume":"40","author":"Abrams R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesia Progress"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006(2005)52[56:MPICAP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/205016841500400215"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Allergic Reaction to Intranasal Midazolam HCl: A Case Report","volume":"26","author":"McIlwain M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Moderate Sedation Visits That Used Oral Meperidine and Hydroxyzine with Oral or Intranasal Midazolam","volume":"90","author":"Jain G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry for Children (Chicago, Ill.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effectiveness of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine With Nitrous Oxide Compared to Other Pediatric Dental Sedation Drug Regimens","volume":"43","author":"Unkel J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"A Retrospective Evaluation of the Safety Profile of Dexmedetomidine and Nitrous Oxide for Pediatric Dental Sedation","volume":"43","author":"Unkel J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2008.521"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Intranasal Esketamine Combined With Oral Midazolam Provides Adequate Sedation for Outpatient Pediatric Dental Procedures: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"109","author":"Wang J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_273_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Midazolam Sedation Combined With Inhalation Sedation With Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen in Paediatric Dental Patients as an Alternative to General Anaesthesia","volume":"26","author":"Wood M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saad Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"The use of Intranasal Midazolam in a special care dentistry department within a hospital based setting: Technique and Cases","volume":"34","author":"Robb N. D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAAD"}],"container-title":["Special Care in Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/scd.70089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:13:20Z","timestamp":1756311200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/scd.70089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/scd.70089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/scd.70089","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-1879","1754-4505"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-1879","type":"print"},{"value":"1754-4505","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70089"}}