{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:08:23Z","timestamp":1779264503438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Special Care in Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars (HSPM) are qualitative enamel defects that typically involve one to four second primary molars. Although widely investigated, their etiology remains unclear. This review synthesizes current evidence on potential etiological factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The design of this systematic review complied with the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The research was conducted using five databases. Study quality and bias were assessed using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine articles met the inclusion criteria, underscoring the limited evidence base. Prenatal factors were most frequently associated with HSPM, particularly epigenetic markers in blood (DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt;<\/jats:bold>\n                      0.05), maternal smoking (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), and maternal illness (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Though effect sizes varied, and methodological heterogeneity limited comparability. Perinatal factors such as preterm birth (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.024) and delivery complications (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) were also reported, but evidence was less robust and often confounded by small sample sizes. Postnatal factors, including recurrent childhood illnesses (asthma, otitis media, episodes of fever, and eczema) were significantly linked to HSPM, yet causality remains uncertain given the dependence on retrospective designs and parent\u2010reported data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that HSPM is likely multifactorial with contributions from prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposures. However, the overall level of evidence is moderate, constrained by small study numbers, variable quality, low response rate, and the retrospective nature of the studies. Stronger conclusions will require large\u2010scale, prospective studies with standardized diagnostic criteria and rigorous control of bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:30:41Z","timestamp":1768203041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Etiology of Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4132-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atika","family":"Bouabid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rihab","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5574-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selsebil","family":"Laajimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamina","family":"Elelmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-1480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Masmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0673-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlem","family":"Baaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department  Monastir Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Clinical and Dento\u2010Facial Approach LR 12ES10 (ABCDF)  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"432","article-title":"Assessment of Genetical, Pre, Peri and Post Natal Risk Factors of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Butera A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000135674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518792870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44800-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-024-00913-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Judgement Criteria for Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in Epidemiologic Studies: A Summary of the European Meeting on MIH Held in Athens, 2003","volume":"4","author":"Weerheijm K. 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