{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1789722907814,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]],"date-time":"2012-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Dialysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 19th century was a period of momentous scientific discoveries, technological achievements, and societal changes. A beneficiary of these revolutionary upheavals was medical empiricism that supplanted the rationalism of the past giving rise to early modern scientific medicine. Continued reliance on sensory data now magnified by technical advances generated new medical information that could be quantified with increasing precision, verified by repeated experimentation, and validated by statistical analysis. The institutionalization and integration of these methodologies into medical education were a defining step that assured their progress and perpetuation. Major advances were made in the nosography of diseases of the kidney, notably that of the diagnosis of progressive kidney disease from the presence of albuminuria by Richard Bright (1789\u20131858); and of renal structure and function, notably the demonstration of the continuity of the glomerular capsule with the tubular basement membrane by William Bowman (1816\u20131892), and the arguments for hemodynamic physical forces mediated glomerular filtration by Carl Ludwig (1816\u20131895) and for active tubular transport by Rudolf Heidenhain (1834\u20131897). Improvements in microscopy and tissue processing were instrumental in describing the cellular ultrastructure of the glomerulus and tubular segments, but their integrated function remained to be elucidated. The kidney continued to be considered a tubular secretory organ and its pathology attributed to injury of the interstitium (interstitial nephritis) or tubules (parenchymatous nephritis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,24]],"date-time":"2012-12-24T04:37:48Z","timestamp":1356323868000},"page":"73-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Early Modern Kidney\u2014Nephrology in and about the Nineteenth Century (Part 1)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Garabed","family":"Eknoyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/658660"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","volume-title":"The Age of Miracles. Medicine and Surgery in the Nineteenth Century","author":"Williams G","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"The Wonderful Century. Its Successes and Failures","author":"Wallace AR","year":"1899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","volume-title":"The Progress of the Century","author":"Anon.","year":"1901"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","volume-title":"The Dawn of Modern Medicine From the Early Part of the Eighteenth Century to About 1860","author":"Busch AH","year":"1920"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090140046013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3588-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","volume-title":"The Birth of the Modern World. 1780\u20131914","author":"Bayly CA","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","volume-title":"Medicine at the Paris Hospital (1794\u20131848)","author":"Ackerknecht EH","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","volume-title":"The Historical Development of Physiological Thought","author":"Brooks CM","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"248","article-title":"The role of surgery in the rise of modern medical thought","volume":"25","author":"Temkin O","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/007327538101900202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/007327536800700102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520310353","volume-title":"The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in the Nineteenth Century Medicine","author":"Coleman W","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674430921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXII.3.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000708740000220X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","volume-title":"Magick, Mayhem, and Mavericks. The Spirited History of Physical Chemistry","author":"Cobb C","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","volume-title":"A History of Science in Society. From Philosophy to Utility","author":"Ede A","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","volume-title":"History of Physiology","author":"Rothschuh KE","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195080476.001.0001","volume-title":"Science, Medicine and the State of Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815\u20131871","author":"Tuchman AM","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","volume-title":"American Physicians in the 19th Century. From Sects to Science","author":"Rothstein WG","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","volume-title":"The Development of American Physiology. Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century","author":"Fye WB","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","volume-title":"Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge. Historical Essays","author":"Bynum WF","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"735","article-title":"British periodicals of medicine: a chronological list. Part I: 1684\u20131899","volume":"5","author":"Lefanu WR","year":"1937","journal-title":"Bull Inst Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","volume-title":"Centenary of the Index Medicus 1879\u20131975","author":"Blake JB","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511524035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","volume-title":"Nosography in Modern Internal Medicine","author":"Faber K","year":"1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","volume-title":"Nosology: Or a Systematic Arrangement of Diseases","author":"Cullen W","year":"1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","volume-title":"Synopsis of Nosolgy","author":"Cullen W","year":"1816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","volume-title":"Drawn by a Joint Committee appointed by the Royal College of Physicians of London","author":"The Nomenclature of Diseases","year":"1896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1058.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2003.0150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/007327538101900103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1959.03000310080017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2004.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300034608"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00348502","article-title":"On the history of medical statistics","volume":"26","author":"Sheymin OB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Hist Exact Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-1-111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.5.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110819038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","volume-title":"Claude Bernard","author":"Foster M","year":"1899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35089594"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","volume-title":"Introduction \u00e0 l\u2019Etude de la Medecine Exp\u00e9rimentale","author":"Bernard C","year":"1865"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","article-title":"1842\u2014a landmark in nephrology: Carl Ludwig\u2019s evolutionary concept of renal function","volume":"46","author":"Davis JM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","first-page":"352","article-title":"How a physiologist anticipated a physical chemist","volume":"14","author":"Maluf NSR","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.44.1133.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","first-page":"F163","article-title":"Glomerular ultrafiltration dynamics: historical perspective","volume":"248","author":"Arendshorst WJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","first-page":"452","volume-title":"Elements of Physiology","author":"M\u00fcller J","year":"1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","first-page":"452","article-title":"Johannes M\u00fcller: physiologist (1801\u20131858): a eulogy","volume":"4","author":"Virchow R","year":"1858","journal-title":"Edinburgh Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1842.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"The development of knowledge of kidney function in relation to structure: Malpighi to Bowman","volume":"34","author":"Wilson L","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","first-page":"424","volume-title":"Nosographie Philosophique ou Methode de l\u2019Analyse Appliqu\u00e9\u00e0 la Medecine. Volume 2","author":"Pinel P","year":"1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6.148.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01647529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1885.sp000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1926.6.3.440","article-title":"The secretion of urine","volume":"6","author":"Marshall EF","year":"1926","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1976.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/153608a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000410106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1899.sp000760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/8964"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35019639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","first-page":"545","article-title":"The finer histology of the glomerulus","volume":"5","author":"McGregor L","year":"1929","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168747"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","volume-title":"Zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie der Harncan\u00e4lchen","author":"H\u00fcfner CG","year":"1866"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","volume-title":"Physiology for Beginners","author":"Foster M","year":"1877"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","volume-title":"The Secretion of Urine","author":"Cushny AR","year":"1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","volume-title":"Reports of Medical Cases, Selected With a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases With Reference to Morbid Anatomy","author":"Bright R","year":"1827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"A bibliography of internal medicine: Bright\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Bloomfield AL","year":"1958","journal-title":"Stanford Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Bright\u2019s disease and Bright\u2019s generation\u2014toward exact medicine at Guy\u2019s Hospital","volume":"55","author":"Peitzman SJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"Considerations et observations sur l\u2019hydropsie symptomatique d\u2019une lesions des reins","volume":"22","author":"Sabatier JC","year":"1834","journal-title":"Mem Acad Roy Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095952874602900120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","volume-title":"Elements of the Practice of Medicine","author":"Bright R","year":"1839"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02948171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des Maladies des Reins","author":"Rayer PFO","year":"1840"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","volume-title":"Die Brightsche Nierekrankheit und deren Behundlung","author":"Frerichs FT","year":"1851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Richard Bright and observations in renal histology","volume":"113","author":"Cameron JS","year":"1964","journal-title":"Guy\u2019s Hosp Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","volume-title":"On Chorea and Choreiform Affections","author":"Osler W","year":"1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","volume-title":"Bright\u2019s Disease of the Kidney","author":"Loomis AL","year":"1888"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JN.2011.6453"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","first-page":"559","article-title":"The cytological changes occurring in the glomerulus of clinical glomerulonephritis","volume":"5","author":"McGregor L","year":"1929","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(58)90055-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/095952875003300109","article-title":"On the proximate cause of albuminous urine and dropsy and on the pathology of the renal blood vessels in Bright\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Johnson G","year":"1850","journal-title":"Med Chir Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/095952877205500116","article-title":"On the pathology of the morbid state commonly called chronic Bright\u2019s disease with contracted kidney","volume":"37","author":"Gull WW","year":"1872","journal-title":"Med Chir Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_2","first-page":"1829","volume-title":"Anatomie Pathologique du Corps Humain","author":"Cruveilhier J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.21.5.808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.26.5.987"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Dialysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fsdi.12038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sdi.12038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:02:14Z","timestamp":1714780934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sdi.12038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sdi.12038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-0959","1525-139X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-0959","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-139X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]}}}