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Imposed dietary restrictions because of their renal dysfunction and because of comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes exacerbate this problem. Finally, particularly for water\u2010soluble vitamins, loss may occur into the dialysate. We did not identify any randomized trials of administering daily doses close to the recommended daily allowances of these vitamins. In people who are eating at all, deficiencies of B5 and B7 seem unlikely. It is unclear whether supplements of B2 and B3 are necessary. Because of dialyzability and documented evidence of insufficiency in dialysis patients, B1 supplementation is likely to be helpful. B6, B9, and B12 are implicated in the hyperhomocysteinemia observed in patients on dialysis. These vitamins have been studied in combinations, in high doses, with the hope of reducing cardiovascular outcomes. No reductions in patient\u2010important outcomes were seen in adequately powered randomized trials. Because of their involvement in the homocysteine pathway, however, supplementation with lower doses, close to the recommended daily allowances, may be helpful. Vitamin C deficiency is common in patients on dialysis who are not taking supplements: low\u2010dose supplements are warranted. Vitamins for dialysis patients contain most or all of the B vitamins and low\u2010dose vitamin C. We are not aware of any medical reasons to choose one over another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T09:50:45Z","timestamp":1374054645000},"page":"546-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Water\u2010Soluble Vitamins in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate or On Dialysis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Catherine M","family":"Clase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University Kingston ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jren.2000.16327"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.185"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"ii45","article-title":"EBPG Guideline on Nutrition","volume":"22","author":"Foque D","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608323430"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin D12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin and Choline.www.nap.edu.1998.The National Academies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status in chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"59","author":"Porrini M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"244","article-title":"Vitamin nutrition in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)","volume":"20","author":"Blumberg A","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.70.4.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2000.06553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2008.00946.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Acute enceaphalopathy due to thiamine deficiciency (Wenicke's encephalopathy) in a chronic hemodialyzed patient; a case report","volume":"35","author":"Descombes E","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(99)00014-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.21337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.28578"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2010.00505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm020"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"K\/DOQI workgroup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0908841"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.14.1568"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01470307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2007.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/NCN-59697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014445329756"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Vitamin nutrition in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. 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