{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:55:05Z","timestamp":1791561305002,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21 DK078012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DK078012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Dialysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant number of dietary restrictions are imposed traditionally and uniformly on maintenance dialysis patients, whereas there is very little data to support their benefits. Recent studies indicate that dietary restrictions of phosphorus may lead to worse survival and poorer nutritional status. Restricting dietary potassium may deprive dialysis patients of heart\u2010healthy diets and lead to intake of more atherogenic diets. There is little data about the survival benefits of dietary sodium restriction, and limiting fluid intake may inherently lead to lower protein and calorie consumption, when in fact dialysis patients often need higher protein intake to prevent and correct protein\u2010energy wasting. Restricting dietary carbohydrates in diabetic dialysis patients may not be beneficial in those with burnt\u2010out diabetes. Dietary fat including omega\u20103 fatty acids may be important caloric sources and should not be restricted. Data to justify other dietary restrictions related to calcium, vitamins, and trace elements are scarce and often contradictory. The restriction of eating during hemodialysis treatment is likely another incorrect practice that may worsen hemodialysis induced hypoglycemia and nutritional derangements. We suggest careful relaxation of most dietary restrictions and adoption of a more balanced and individualized approach, thereby easing some of these overzealous restrictions that have not been proven to offer major advantages to patients and their outcomes and which may in fact worsen patients' quality of life and satisfaction. This manuscript critically reviews the current paradigms and practices of recommended dietary regimens in dialysis patients including those related to dietary protein, carbohydrate, fat, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and calcium, and discusses the feasibility and implications of adherence to ardent dietary restrictions and future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T00:58:57Z","timestamp":1423011537000},"page":"159-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Dietary Restrictions in Dialysis Patients: Is There Anything Left to Eat?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Kalantar\u2010Zadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"},{"name":"Long Beach Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Long Beach California"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UCLA Fielding School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor\u2010UCLA Torrance California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Tortorici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"},{"name":"Long Beach Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joline L. T.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"},{"name":"Long Beach Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kamgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Beach Memorial Medical Center Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Ling","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"},{"name":"Long Beach Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie M.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elani","family":"Streja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology University of California Irvine Orange California"},{"name":"Long Beach Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba P.","family":"Kovesdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee"},{"name":"Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09131010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.036418"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","article-title":"The role of keto acid supplements in the management of chronic kidney disease: a north american perspective","author":"Shah AP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jren.2003.50005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.169722"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06080809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S43486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.01.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26665"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04620510"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr747"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08601209"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2012.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404187n"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6686.2011.00212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2013.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04451206"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00960112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jren.2002.29598"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq502"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12198"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0906"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000349929"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0286-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2008.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","article-title":"Hemodialysis associated hypoglycemia and glyemic disarrays","author":"Abe M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0483"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08921010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.807362"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1492-7535.2005.01147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070795"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29188"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0366-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2009.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000172578.56396.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000294405"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP74012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2012.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","first-page":"S174","article-title":"Calcium and phosphate balance in dialysis patients","volume":"41","author":"Winchester JF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000414"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319861"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs598"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03790808"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System (USRDS):USRDS 2010 Annual Data Report. Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End\u2010Stage Renal Disease in the United States.Bethesda MD:National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 2010 www.usrds.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323972"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.02.321"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07690910"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12133"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu096"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000365819"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-172"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Dialysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fsdi.12348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sdi.12348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T13:34:19Z","timestamp":1695994459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sdi.12348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sdi.12348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12348","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-0959","1525-139X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-0959","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-139X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]]}}}