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These circulating proteins include the antianabolic factor, sclerostin, and the phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    23). Elevated sclerostin levels correlate with increased\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    23, localized reduction in Wnt\/\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010catenin signaling in the skeleton and reduced osteoblast differentiation\/activity. Decreased Wnt\/\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010catenin signaling occurs regardless of the overall changes in bone formation rates, suggesting that a reduction in the anabolic response may be a common feature of renal bone disorders but additional mechanisms may contribute to the diversity of osteodystrophy phenotypes. Recent preclinical studies support this hypothesis, as treatment with antisclerostin antibodies improved bone quality in the context of low but not high turnover renal osteodystrophy. Sclerostin also appears in the circulation suggesting additional roles outside the skeleton in normal and disease states. In patients with chronic kidney disease (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), serum levels are elevated several fold relative to healthy individuals. Emerging data suggest that these changes are associated with increased fracture rates but the relationship between sclerostin and cardiovascular disease is unclear. Additional epidemiologic studies that examine stage specific and patient sub\u2010populations are needed to assess whether sclerostin elevations influence comorbidities associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T10:02:37Z","timestamp":1439978557000},"page":"578-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sclerostin, Osteocytes, and Chronic Kidney Disease \u2013 Mineral Bone Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rosa M. 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