{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:39:46Z","timestamp":1783953586011,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010002967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010002967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Studies in Family Planning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social norms related to fertility may be driving pregnancy desire, timing and contraceptive use, but measurement has lagged. We validated a 10\u2010item injunctive Fertility Norms Scale (FNS) and examined its associations with family planning outcomes among 1021 women and 1020 men in India. FNS captured expectations around pronatalism, childbearing early in marriage and community pressure. We assessed reliability and construct validity through Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) respectively, examining associations with childbearing intention and contraceptive use. FNS demonstrated good reliability (\u03b1 = 0.65\u20130.71) and differing sub\u2010constructs by gender. High fertility norm among women was associated with greater likelihood of pregnancy intention [RRR = 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25,4.39); ARRR = 1.53 (95% CI: 0.70,3.30)], lower likelihood of delaying pregnancy [RRR = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50,0.96); ARRR = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.51,1.02)] and greater ambivalence on delaying pregnancy [RRR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.18,3.14); ARRR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.21,3.28)]. Women's higher FNS scores were also associated with higher sterilization [RRR = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.28,3.66); ARRR = 2.24 (95% CI: 1.32,3.83)], but the reverse was noted for men [RRR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36,1.04); ARRR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.32,0.94)]. FNS indicated better predictive value among women compared to men for key reproductive outcomes. This measure may be useful for social norms\u2010focused evaluations in family planning and warrants cross\u2010contextual study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1674537007000},"page":"39-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Validation of the Fertility Norms Scale and Association with Fertility Intention and Contraceptive Use in India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Nandita","family":"Bhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jindal School of Public Health &amp; Human Development OP Jindal Global University  Sonipat India"},{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Chatterji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social &amp; Political Science The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namratha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Ghule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecka","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases &amp; Global Public Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Gender Equity and Health University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Education Studies, School of Social Sciences University of California San Diego  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Engaging Men and Boys in Family Planning: A Strategic Planning Guide","author":"High\u2010Impact Practices in Family Planning","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11110-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Mother\u2010in\u2010Law's Influence on Family Planning Decision\u2010Making and Contraceptive Use: A Review of Evidence","author":"Bhan Nandita","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Measuring Women's Agency and Gender Norms in Family Planning: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?","author":"Bhan Nandita","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2021.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2008.00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2007.00160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Census.2011. \u201cCensus of India.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2019.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12840\/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/day017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0398-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0744-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0744-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doepke Matthias andMich\u00e8leTertilt.2018. \u201cWomen's Empowerment the Gender Gap in Desired Fertility and Fertility Outcomes in Developing Countries.\u201d AEA Papers and Proceedings.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3111136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-7315.2015.00132.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-7315.2015.00132.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2021.100031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS\u20104). India Factsheet","author":"IIPS","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS\u20105). India Factsheet.","author":"IIPS","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3502909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3839-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"The Influence of Gender Role and Women's Empowerment on Couples' Fertility Experiences in Urban Society of Mashhad, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Khadivzadeh Talat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Cultural Norms, Social Interactions and the Fertility Transition in India","author":"Krishnan Pramila.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Men's Social Networks, Social Norms, & Family Planning in Benin","author":"LeMasters Katherine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fertility Decline in Urban and Rural Areas of Developing Countries","author":"Lerch Mathias.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindberg Laura D. AliciaVandeVusse JenniferMueller andMarielleKirstein.2020. \u201cEarly Impacts of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: Findings from the 2020 Guttmacher Survey of Reproductive Health Experiences.\u201d","DOI":"10.1363\/2020.31482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1431-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally Jurn C.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000022082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5970705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932016000663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","article-title":"Evaluation of a Gender Synchronized Family Planning Intervention for Married Couples in Rural India: The CHARM2 Cluster Randomized Control Trial","volume":"45","author":"Raj Anita","year":"2022","journal-title":"E Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJC.S95674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2011.e25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-022-01319-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v31i1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2021.1922732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-27"}],"container-title":["Studies in Family Planning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sifp.12227","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sifp.12227","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sifp.12227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T10:41:27Z","timestamp":1694774487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sifp.12227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sifp.12227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.12227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-3665","1728-4465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-3665","type":"print"},{"value":"1728-4465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}