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It seems that the initial contact of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites with the host innate immune system is an important step in the outcome of the disease. Recent studies suggested that toll\u2010like receptors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s) play a role in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania<\/jats:italic> recognition. In this study, the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 was checked in patients with healing form of lesion and compared with that of patients with non\u2010healing form of lesion caused by <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania\u00a0major<\/jats:italic>. Gene expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 in peripheral blood\u2010derived macrophages, before and after stimulation with live <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> promastigotes, was evaluated using quantitative real\u2010time reverse transcription <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and flow cytometry. The results showed that the mean relative gene expression and difference membrane expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 in macrophages of patients with healing form of lesion were significantly higher than patients with non\u2010healing form of lesion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0034), respectively, and the mean relative gene expression and difference in protein expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 in macrophages of patients with healing form of lesion were significantly higher than that of patients with non\u2010healing form of lesion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), respectively. The data suggested a possible role for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 in the outcome of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> lesion. Further studies are needed to understand more about the detail role of the immune factors in leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,27]],"date-time":"2013-08-27T06:02:40Z","timestamp":1377583360000},"page":"478-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["<scp>TLR<\/scp>2 and <scp>TLR<\/scp>4 in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by <i>Leishmania major<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Tolouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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