{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:36:45Z","timestamp":1792100205286,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013500","name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"P\u00c3\u00a4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg foundation"},{"name":"Turku Doctoral Programme for Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Turku University Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macrophages play a crucial role in innate immune reactions, and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) guard the sterility of this compartment mainly against microbial threat from the gut. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which gut microbiota and gut immune system appear to contribute to disease pathogenesis. We have recently reported elevated free radical production and increased permeability of gut epithelium in non\u2010obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Impaired barrier function could lead to bacterial leakage to the peritoneal cavity. To explore the consequences of impaired gut barrier function on extra\u2010intestinal immune regulation, we characterized peritoneal lavage cells from young newly weaned NOD mice. We detected a rapid increase in the number of macrophages 1\u20132\u00a0weeks after weaning in NOD mice compared to C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice. Interestingly, this increase in macrophages was abrogated in NOD mice that were fed an antidiabetogenic diet (ProSobee), which improves gut barrier function. Macrophages in young (5\u2010week\u2010old) NOD mice displayed a poor TNF\u2010\u03b1 cytokine response to LPS stimulation and high expression of interleukin\u20101receptor\u2010associated kinase\u2010M (IRAK\u2010M), indicating prior <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> exposure to TLR\u20104 ligand(s). Furthermore, injection of LPS intraperitoneally increased T cell CD69 expression in pancreatic lymph node (PaLN), suggestive of T cell activation. Leakage of bacterial components such as endotoxins into the peritoneal cavity may contribute to auto\u2010reactive T cell activation in the PaLN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T07:40:15Z","timestamp":1416469215000},"page":"102-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Peritoneal Cavity is a Route for Gut\u2010Derived Microbial Signals to Promote Autoimmunity in Non\u2010Obese Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Emani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience\/Cell Biology \u00c5bo Academy University Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pekkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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