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Spheroplasts (bacterial cell devoid of cell wall) are likely to undergo membrane\u2013membrane fusion, leading to the delivery of their content to the cytosol of antigen\u2010presenting cells, thus facilitating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content> class I antigen processing and presentation. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactic potential of <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic> spheroplast\u2010based vaccine against experimental murine listeriosis in comparison with heat\u2010killed <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HKL<\/jats:styled-content>) and archaeosome\u2010entrapped <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic> whole\u2010cell protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LWCP<\/jats:styled-content>). Compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HKL<\/jats:styled-content>, the spheroplast\u2010based vaccine was found to evoke better Th1 response as exhibited by the presence of type 1 cytokines in the host (interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012) and a high IgG<jats:sub>2a<\/jats:sub>\/IgG<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> ratio. Robust lympho\u2010proliferative efficacy was apparent in both spheroplast\u2010immunized and archaeosome\u2010entrapped <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LWCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010immunized groups. The upregulation of costimulatory and effector memory markers upon immunization with spheroplasts was found to be at par with that evoked by archaeosome\u2010entrapped <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LWCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010immunized group. Central memory response in gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell was much higher in spheroplast\u2010immunized animals when compared with archaeosome\u2010entrapped <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LWCP<\/jats:styled-content> group. The data presented here clearly demonstrate that spheroplasts evoked a robust immune response and offer better prophylactic potential against <jats:italic>L.\u00a0monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T18:40:26Z","timestamp":1427913626000},"page":"10-24","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy of Cell Wall\u2010Deficient Spheroplasts Against Experimental Murine Listeriosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"M. 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